Global labor loss due to humid heat exposure underestimated for outdoor workers

Abstract Humid heat impacts a large portion of the world’s population that works outdoors. Previous studies have quantified humid heat impacts on labor productivity by relying on exposure response functions that are based on uncontrolled experiments under a limited range of heat and humidity. Here we use the latest empirical model, based on a wider range of temperatures and humidity, for studying the impact of humid heat and recent climate change on labor productivity. We show that globally, humid heat may currently be associated with over 650 billion hours of annual lost labor (148 million full time equivalent jobs lost), 400 billion hours more than previous estimates. These differences in labor loss estimates are comparable to losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, annual heat-induced labor productivity losses are estimated at 2.1 trillion in 2017 PPP$, and in several countries are equivalent to more than 10% of GDP. Over the last four decades, global heat-related labor losses increased by at least 9% (>60 billion hours annually using the new empirical model) highlighting that relatively small changes in climate (<0.5°C) can have large impacts on global labor and the economy.

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Adjusting College Costs for Noncredit Enrollments: An Issue for Data Geeks or Policy Makers?

Community College Review ◽

10.1177/0091552119835030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 159-177

Author(s):

Richard M. Romano ◽

Rita J. Kirshstein ◽

Mark D’Amico ◽

Willard Hom ◽

Michelle Van Noy

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Community Colleges ◽

Postsecondary Education ◽

Full Time ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Policy Makers ◽

College Costs ◽

Education Data ◽

Project Data ◽

The Impact

Objective: In the first study of its kind, the impact of excluding noncredit enrollments in calculations of spending in community colleges is explored. Noncredit enrollments are not reported to Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), but expenditures for these efforts are. This study corrects for this omission and provides new estimates of spending on community college students in four states. Method: Data on noncredit enrollments were made available from four states—New York, New Jersey, California, and North Carolina. Interviews with campus and state officials within each state helped us verify the findings. In addition, Delta Cost Project data were analyzed and adjusted to account for noncredit enrollments. Results: Our analysis indicates that the expenditure per full-time equivalent (FTE) student measure, which researchers typically use, seriously overstates the resources that community colleges have to spend on educating students; however, great variations exist within and across states. Conclusion: Community colleges are underfunded to an even greater extent than standard IPEDS analyses indicate.

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Predicting the Impact of COVID-19 on Australian Universities

Journal of Risk and Financial Management ◽

10.3390/jrfm13090188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arran Thatcher ◽

Mona Zhang ◽

Hayden Todoroski ◽

Anthony Chau ◽

Joanna Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Student ◽

Department Of Education ◽

Full Time ◽

The Novel ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Education Industry ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Impact ◽

Australian Universities

This article explores the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) upon Australia’s education industry with a particular focus on universities. With the high dependence that the revenue structures of Australian universities have on international student tuition fees, they are particularly prone to the economic challenges presented by COVID-19. As such, this study considers the impact to total Australian university revenue and employment caused by the significant decline in the number of international students continuing their studies in Australia during the current pandemic. We use a linear regression model calculated from data published by the Australian Government’s Department of Education, Skills, and Employment (DESE) to predict the impact of COVID-19 on total Australian university revenue, the number of international student enrolments in Australian universities, and the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) positions at Australian universities. Our results have implications for both policy makers and university decision makers, who should consider the need for revenue diversification in order to reduce the risk exposure of Australian universities.

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The Government-Industrial Complex

10.1093/oso/9780190851798.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul C. Light

Keyword(s):

Ronald Reagan ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Full Time ◽

Size Of Government ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

The Government ◽

Sorting System ◽

The Right ◽

The Military ◽

The Impact

The Government-Industrial Complex explores the recent history and impact of the federal government’s blended workforce of federal, contract, and grant employees. Drawing upon Dwight D. Eisenhower’s description of the military-industrial complex, government-reform expert Paul Light argues that the federal government now depends on seven-nine million full-time-equivalent government-industry employees. Light’s analysis examines changes in the size of the government-industrial complex, explains the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees, and explores potential reforms to protect the nation against what Eisenhower called the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power. Light chronicles the role of hiring caps, cuts, and freezes in promoting the use of contract and grant employees and shows the impact of war and peace on the changing size of government. Light offers short histories of the role that Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama played in the changing number and distribution of the federal government’s federal, contract, and grant employees. Light also discusses the Trump administration’s early strategies on downsizing and deconstructing government while describing the demographic, bureaucratic, and political problems that explain the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees. He then describes a sorting system for assuring that the right employees are in the right jobs to assure the greatest value and accountability, and he concludes with a description of the “next gen” public service needed to achieve the more perfect union and blessings of liberty promised in the Constitution’s preamble.

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Staffing Benchmarks for Clinical Laboratories: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of Staffing at 151 Institutions

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/2005-129-467-sbfcla ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 129 (4) ◽

pp. 467-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul N. Valenstein ◽

Rhona Souers ◽

David S. Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Labor Productivity ◽

Full Time ◽

Transfusion Medicine ◽

Staffing Level ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Span Of Control ◽

Test Volume ◽

Staffing Ratios ◽

Laboratory Section ◽

Clinical Laboratories

Abstract Context.—Inadequate staffing of clinical laboratories may compromise quality and throughput, whereas excess staff unnecessarily increases the cost of testing. Objectives.—To measure productivity of technical staff and management span of control in a large number of laboratories and to determine factors associated with favorable staffing ratios. Design.—A total of 151 clinical laboratories provided information about technical and management staffing and output (workload) for 4 laboratory sections: anatomic pathology, chemistry/hematology/immunology, microbiology, and transfusion medicine. Results.—For each laboratory section, there was wide variation in labor productivity (output per nonmanagement full-time equivalent) and in management span of control (nonmanagement full-time equivalent per manager). Productivity ratios for the 10th- and 90th-percentile laboratories varied more than 3-fold. Except in histology, laboratory sections with higher test volumes had higher labor productivity (P < .001 for cytology, chemistry/hematology, and transfusion medicine; P = .003 for microbiology). Even within peer groups composed of sections with similar volume, there was wide variation in labor productivity. A number of variables other than test volume were associated with labor productivity and management span of control. Staffing ratios for each laboratory section and for sections of different sizes are presented. Conclusions.—Despite standardization of testing methods in the clinical laboratory industry, there is wide variation in staffing level among institutions. This variation suggests opportunities to improve staff productivity in many facilities.

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Are hospital admissions reduced by Acute Medicine consultant telephone triage of medical referrals?

Acute Medicine Journal ◽

10.52964/amja.0405 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

Christopher Westall ◽

◽

Robert Spackman ◽

Channa Vasanth Nadarajah ◽

Nicola Trepte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admissions ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Acute Hospital ◽

Full Time ◽

Telephone Triage ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Acute Medicine ◽

General Management ◽

Nurse Coordinator ◽

The Impact

The NHS in England is facing well-documented pressures related to increasing acute hospital admissions at a time when the acute medical bed-base is shrinking, doctors working patterns are increasingly fragmented and many acute hospital trusts are operating a financial deficit. Novel strategies are required to reduce pressure on the acute medical take. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the impact of acute medicine consultant triage of referrals to the acute medical take on the number of acute hospital admissions as compared to a historical control cohort. The introduction of an acute medicine consultant telephone triage service was associated with a 21% reduction in acute medical admissions during whole the study period. True admission avoidance was achieved for 28.5% of referrals triaged by an acute medicine consultant. The greatest benefit was seen for consultant-triage of GP referrals; 43% of all GP referrals resulted in a decision not to admit and in 25% the referral was avoided by giving advice alone. Consultant telephone triage of referrals to the acute medical take substantially reduces the number of acute medical admissions as compared to triage by a trained band 6 or higher nurse coordinator. Our service is cost effective and can be job-planned using 6 full-time equivalent acute medicine consultants. The telephone triage service also provides additional benefits to admission numbers beyond its hours of operation and the general management of the acute medical take.

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Evaluating the Economic Impact of Farmers' Markets Using an Opportunity Cost Framework

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800028091 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (01) ◽

pp. 253-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

David W. Hughes ◽

Cheryl Brown ◽

Stacy Miller ◽

Tom McConnell

Keyword(s):

Farmers Markets ◽

Grocery Stores ◽

Full Time ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

The West ◽

Local Economies ◽

Direct Sales ◽

Gross State Product ◽

Survey Results ◽

The Impact

Farmers' markets presumably benefit local economies through enhanced retention of local dollars. Unlike other studies, the net impact of farmers' markets on the West Virginia economy is examined. Producer survey results are used in estimating annual direct sales ($1,725 million). Using an IMPLAN-based input-output model, gross impacts are 119 jobs (69 full-time equivalent jobs) and $2,389 million in output including $1.48 million in gross state product (GSP). When the effect of direct revenue losses are included (primarily for grocery stores), the impact is reduced to 82 jobs (43 full-time equivalent jobs), $1,075 million in output, and $0,653 million in GSP.

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Education and devices to prevent blood and body fluid exposures

Occupational Medicine ◽

10.1093/occmed/kqz156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Cheetham ◽

H Ngo ◽

J Liira ◽

E Lee ◽

C Pethrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fluid ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Hospital Staff ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Full Time ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Short Term ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Post Intervention ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Healthcare workers are at risk of blood and body fluid exposures (BBFE) while delivering care to patients. Despite recent technological advances such as safety-engineered devices (SEDs), these injuries continue to occur in healthcare facilities worldwide. Aims To assess the impact of an education and SEDs workplace programme on rates of reported exposures. Methods A retrospective cohort study, utilizing interrupted time series analysis to examine reported exposures between 2005 and 2015 at a 600-bed hospital in Perth, Western Australia. The hospital wards were divided into four cohorts. Results A total of 2223 records were available for analysis. The intervention was most effective for the first cohort, with significant improvements both short-term (reduction of 12 (95% CI 7–17) incidents per 1000 full-time equivalent (FTE) hospital staff) and long-term (reduction of 2 (CI 0.6–4) incidents per 1000 FTE per year). Less significant or consistent impacts were observed for the other three cohorts. Overall, the intervention decreased BBFE exposure rates at the hospital level from 19 (CI 18–20) incidents per 1000 FTE pre-intervention to 11 (CI 10–12) incidents per 1000 FTE post-intervention, a 41% reduction. No exposures resulted in a blood-borne virus infection. Conclusions The intervention was most effective in reducing exposures at a time when incidence rates were increasing. The overall effect was short-term and did not further reduce an already stabilized trend, which was likely due to improved safety awareness and practice, induced by the first cohort intervention.

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Implementing a Full Time Equivalent-Supported Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Core Faculty Program May Improve Faculty Engagement in Education, Mentorship, and Recruitment

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2021-154326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 2974-2974

Author(s):

Jana Christian ◽

Lucilina Gilkes ◽

Sarah Goldberg ◽

Michael Hurwitz ◽

Nikolai Podoltsev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Career Planning ◽

First Year ◽

Free Text ◽

Full Time ◽

Fellowship Program ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Educational Mission ◽

Core Faculty ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The American Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires every U.S. residency and fellowship training program to designate Core Faculty (CF) who participate in teaching and mentoring trainees. With increasing recognition of competing faculty responsibilities in academic medicine, many groups have recently recommended providing CF with salary support in exchange for their educational efforts, yet few programs have implemented such initiatives. During the 2020-2021 academic year (AY), the Hematology and Medical Oncology Fellowship Program at Yale School of Medicine created a CF program with 10% full time equivalent (FTE) support to 18 CF selected for their dedication to teaching and mentoring fellows. These CF were given responsibilities in participation in fellow conferences, fellow mentorship, and fellowship recruitment. Mentorship Committees (MC) were also launched during the 2020-2021 AY, with each first-year fellow assigned to a group of CF members for career planning and guidance throughout the AY. Methods: We performed a mixed-methods study to explore the impact of our FTE-supported CF program utilizing a combination of faculty and fellow survey data, free-text written comments, and data on faculty participation in educational activities. At the end of the 2020-2021 AY, an online survey utilizing the Qualtrics platform was sent via email to all 18 CF members and all 24 Hematology/Oncology fellows. All CF members and fellows were asked questions about the CF program, while only the CF members and the eight first-year fellows were asked questions regarding the MC. The surveys consisted of multiple choice and open-ended questions with free-text responses and were distributed from June-July 2021. Quantitative data was obtained regarding faculty attendance at the fellowship program's weekly New Patient conference and availability of faculty for fellowship recruitment interviews for both the 2019-2020 AY and the 2020-2021 AY. Results: A total of 14 (77.8%) CF members and 13 (54.2%) fellows responded to the survey. Among CF respondents, 11 (78.5%) reported that both their overall job satisfaction and sense of involvement in the fellowship program and its educational mission increased by either "a little" or "a lot" as a result of becoming a CF member. In free-text comments, positive aspects of being a CF member included "satisfaction in being an integral part of fellowship education," a "sense of commitment" to the educational mission of the fellowship program and improved "communication with colleagues and house staff." As a result of being a CF member, seven (21.1%) reported increased attendance at fellow conferences, nine (27.3%) devoted more time to mentoring and advising fellows, and seven (21.1%) increased their participation in fellowship recruitment compared to prior years. Five (15.5%) CF members felt that they had not appreciably changed their activities, but rather that they received much appreciated recognition and support for activities they were already engaged in prior to becoming a CF member. Among fellow respondents, six (46.2%) noted that following implementation of the CF program, faculty attendance at fellow educational conferences increased. One fellow praised the CF program for "identifying teachers who are very committed to educating fellows" and another commented "fantastic faculty and education overall". Three (37.5%) first year fellows responded to questions about MC, with all three indicating that the MC assisted "a little" or "a lot" in identifying or elucidating their career path. Thirty-eight (36.5%) faculty participated in New Patient conference in 2019-2020 vs. 50 (46.7%) in 2020-2021. Of faculty who were designated CF in 2020, 12 (75%) attended New Patient conference a median of 9 times in 2019-2020 vs. 18 (100%) a median of 20.5 times in 2020-2021. In terms of recruitment, 14 (87.5%) CF reported availability to interview a median of 2 times during 2019-2020 vs. 17 (94.4%) a median of 8.5 times during 2020-2021. Conclusions: Our FTE-supported CF program was viewed enthusiastically by fellows and participating faculty, resulting in increased faculty conference attendance, mentorship of trainees, and involvement in recruitment. MCs may hold promise in guiding career decisions for first year Hematology/Oncology fellows. Disclosures Podoltsev: CTI BioPharma: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squib: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria; Blueprint Medicines: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; PharmaEssentia: Honoraria.

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The influence of a Sprint optimization and training intervention on time spent in the electronic health record (EHR)

JAMIA Open ◽

10.1093/jamiaopen/ooab073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Amber Sieja ◽

Melanie D Whittington ◽

Vanessa Paul Patterson ◽

Katie Markley ◽

Heather Holmstrom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electronic Health Record ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Health Record ◽

Full Time ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Time Savings ◽

Electronic Health ◽

The Impact ◽

And Training

Abstract Objective We report the influence of Sprint electronic health record (EHR) training and optimization on clinician time spent in the EHR. Materials and Methods We studied the Sprint process in one academic internal medicine practice with 26 providers. Program offerings included individualized training sessions, and the ability to clean up, fix, or build new EHR tools during the 2-week intervention. EHR usage log data were available for 24 clinicians, and the average clinical full-time equivalent was 0.44. We used a quasi-experimental study design with an interrupted time series specification, with 8 months of pre- and 12 months of post-intervention data to evaluate clinician time spent in the EHR. Results We discovered a greater than 6 h per day reduction in clinician time spent in the EHR at the clinic level. At the individual clinician level, we demonstrated a time savings of 20 min per clinician per day among those who attended at least 2 training sessions. Discussion We can promote EHR time savings for clinicians who engage in robust EHR training and optimization programs. To date, programs have shown a positive correlation between participation and subjective EHR satisfaction, efficiency, or time saved. The impact of EHR training and optimization on objective time savings remains elusive. By measuring time in the EHR, this study contributes to an ongoing conversation about the resources and programs needed to decrease clinician EHR time. Conclusions We have demonstrated that Sprint is associated with time savings for clinicians for up to 6 months. We suggest that an investment in EHR optimization and training can pay dividends in clinician time saved.

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Estimating The Economic Impact Of Local Cultural Organizations: The Charlotte Arts & Science Council Example

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v6i7.2441 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

Author(s):

John E. Connaughton ◽

Ronald A. Madsen ◽

Rob Roy McGregor

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Full Time ◽

Font Size ◽

Full Time Equivalent ◽

Cultural Organizations ◽

The Arts ◽

Mecklenburg County ◽

Important Addition ◽

The Rich ◽

The Impact

This paper details the impact of the 58 affiliated members of the Charlotte Arts & Science Council on the economy of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. We find that the affiliated members of the Arts & Science Council had a sizable impact on the Mecklenburg economy.  Output was expanded by $129,171,622; earnings were increased by $50,589,999; and employment was increased by 2,132 full-time equivalent jobs.  These economic impacts were an important addition to the rich and varied cultural offerings provided by the Arts & Science Council affiliates.

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