scholarly journals A storyline view of the projected role of remote drivers on summer air stagnation in Europe and the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Garrido-Perez ◽  
Carlos Ordóñez ◽  
David Barriopedro ◽  
Ricardo Garcia-Herrera ◽  
Jordan L. Schnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Storylines of atmospheric circulation change, or physically self-consistent narratives of plausible future events, have recently been proposed as a non-probabilistic means to represent uncertainties in climate change projections. Here, we apply the storyline approach to 21st century projections of summer air stagnation over Europe and the United States. We use a CMIP6 ensemble to generate stagnation storylines based on the forced response of three remote drivers of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude atmospheric circulation: North Atlantic warming, North Pacific warming, and tropical versus Arctic warming. Under a high radiative forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5), models consistently project increases in stagnation over Europe and the U.S., but the magnitude and spatial distribution of changes vary substantially across CMIP6 ensemble members, suggesting that future projections are not well-constrained when using the ensemble mean alone. We find that the diversity of projected stagnation changes depends on the forced response of remote drivers in individual models. This is especially true in Europe, where differences of ~2 summer stagnant days per degree of global warming are found amongst the different storyline combinations. For example, the greatest projected increase in stagnation for most European regions leads to the smallest increase in stagnation for southwestern Europe; i.e., limited North Atlantic warming combined with near-equitable tropical and Arctic warming. In the U.S., only the atmosphere over the northern Rocky Mountain states demonstrates comparable stagnation projection uncertainty, due to opposite influences of remote drivers on the meteorological conditions that lead to stagnation.

scholarly journals Forced and Internal Components of Winter Air Temperature Trends over North America during the past 50 Years: Mechanisms and Implications*

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 2237-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Deser ◽  
Laurent Terray ◽  
Adam S. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Climate Change Signal ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
The Past

Abstract This study elucidates the physical mechanisms underlying internal and forced components of winter surface air temperature (SAT) trends over North America during the past 50 years (1963–2012) using a combined observational and modeling framework. The modeling framework consists of 30 simulations with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) at 1° latitude–longitude resolution, each of which is subject to an identical scenario of historical radiative forcing but starts from a slightly different atmospheric state. Hence, any spread within the ensemble results from unpredictable internal variability superimposed upon the forced climate change signal. Constructed atmospheric circulation analogs are used to estimate the dynamical contribution to forced and internal components of SAT trends: thermodynamic contributions are obtained as a residual. Internal circulation trends are estimated to account for approximately one-third of the observed wintertime warming trend over North America and more than half locally over parts of Canada and the United States. Removing the effects of internal atmospheric circulation variability narrows the spread of SAT trends within the CESM ensemble and brings the observed trends closer to the model’s radiatively forced response. In addition, removing internal dynamics approximately doubles the signal-to-noise ratio of the simulated SAT trends and substantially advances the “time of emergence” of the forced component of SAT anomalies. The methodological framework proposed here provides a general template for improving physical understanding and interpretation of observed and simulated climate trends worldwide and may help to reconcile the diversity of SAT trends across the models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).

The Crisis of NATO Political Consultation, 1973–1974: From DEFCON III to the Atlantic Declaration

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-133
Author(s):  
Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Out Of Area ◽  
The U.S

After war broke out between Arab countries and Israel in October 1973, the U.S. government asked its allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to do the unthinkable: establish an agreed position on an ongoing “out-of-area” crisis. Then, on 25 October, the United States unilaterally raised the alert level of its armed forces to DEFCON III, affecting the NATO area without consulting any allies. These actions constituted a radical departure from established NATO practice and angered the Europeans. U.S. officials, for their part, were upset at what they saw as a dismal European failure to support U.S. objectives in the Middle East crisis. In subsequent months, NATO frantically searched for ways to improve consultation, especially on out-of-area issues. The outcome in 1974 was the promulgation of the Atlantic Declaration, along with a series of functional reforms in alliance consultation procedures. The crisis forced NATO to adjust to the new trends of globalization that were rapidly becoming evident.

scholarly journals Impact of the radiative forcing on the winter North Atlantic-European atmospheric circulation 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Ginesta ◽  
Javier García-Serrano ◽  
Guillaume Gastineau
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Anticyclonic Circulation ◽  
Model Version ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

<p><span>The accelerated warming linked to climate change has become a topic of great interest due to its projected impact on ecosystems. In this work, we assess the causes and impacts of the anthropogenic radiative forcing on the North Atlantic-European atmospheric circulation in boreal winter (DJF). To isolate the response to radiative forcing, we have used two approaches, whose simulations follow the historical/scenario concentrations from CMIP6. The first approach consists of three 240-year simulations with the European Consortium – Earth System model version 3.3 (EC-EARTH v3.3) keeping fixed the radiative forcing at 1950, characterizing the Past climate, at 2000, representative of Present-day conditions, and at 2050, projecting the near-Future climate. The second approach makes use of the Large Ensemble (i.e. 24 members) of transient simulations performed with the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model version 6 (IPSL-CM6), where three 10-year periods have been considered, namely 1949-1959, 1999-2009, and 2049-2059, assuming that the radiative forcing remains relatively constant in each of them. Results show that both approaches yield a consistent forced response, and that it scales linearly with radiative forcing, increasing in amplitude from Present-minus-Past to Future-minus-Present. At low latitudes, in the tropical Atlantic, the forced atmospheric response is characterized by a Gill-type baroclinic structure, where the anomalous anticyclonic circulation at upper levels reinforces the westerly wind at the equatorward flank of the North Atlantic jet. At high latitudes, the forced response is reminiscent of the ‘Arctic Amplification’ linked to sea-ice reduction, and the thermally-driven baroclinic structure can be seen over the Labrador Sea-Hudson Bay region. At mid-latitudes, the forced response shows a barotropic pattern, with a cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation in the North Atlantic (Euro-Mediterranean) sector, pointing out a role for non-radiative, eddy-related effects.  </span></p>

scholarly journals Attribution of the Extreme U.S. East Coast Snowstorm Activity of 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 3771-3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehui Chang ◽  
Siegfried Schubert ◽  
Max Suarez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Sst Anomalies

This study examines the cause of the extreme snowstorm activity along the U.S. East Coast during the winter of 2009/10 with a focus on the role of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The study employs the Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) run at high resolution and forced with specified observed or idealized SST. Comparisons are made with the winter of 1999/2000, a period that is characterized by SST anomalies that are largely of opposite sign. When forced with observed SSTs, the AGCM response consists of a band of enhanced storminess extending from the central subtropical North Pacific, across the southern United States, across the North Atlantic, and across southern Eurasia, with reduced storminess to the north of these regions. Positive precipitation and cold temperature anomalies occur over the eastern United States, reflecting a propensity for enhanced snowstorm activity. Additional idealized SST experiments show that the anomalies over the United States are, to a large extent, driven by the ENSO-related Pacific SST. The North Atlantic SSTs contribute to the cooler temperatures along the East Coast of the United States, while the Indian Ocean SSTs act primarily to warm the central part of the country. It is further shown that the observed upper-tropospheric height anomalies have a large noise (unforced) component over the Northern Hemisphere, represented over the North Atlantic by a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like structure. The signal-to-noise ratios of the temperature and precipitation fields nevertheless indicate a potential for predicting the unusual storm activity along the U.S. East Coast several months in advance.

scholarly journals United States Gives Notice of Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-784
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Former Soviet Republics ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Trump Administration

On May 21, 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the United States would withdraw from the Treaty on Open Skies. The treaty, which has been ratified by several former Soviet Republics and most North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members, allows states parties to conduct observation flights over each other's territory to build trust and transparency with respect to arms control. The treaty gives state parties a right to withdraw upon six months of notice, which Pompeo stated would be formally given by the United States on May 22. Pompeo described the U.S. withdrawal as a response to Russian violations of the treaty and held open the possibility that the United States would rescind its notice of withdrawal in the event of full Russian compliance. U.S. allies in Europe reaffirmed their own commitment to the treaty and to working with Russia over disputes arising from it. The announced U.S. withdrawal raises significant issues of U.S. domestic law, as the Trump administration did not comply with preconditions to withdrawal that had been established by Congress in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020.

An American Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

Palestine Unbound

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
The Us ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
The U.S

This section, updated regularly on the blog Palestine Square, covers popular conversations related to the Palestinians and the Arab-Israeli conflict during the quarter 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018: #JerusalemIstheCapitalofPalestine went viral after U.S. president Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced his intention to move the U.S. embassy there from Tel Aviv. The arrest of Palestinian teenager Ahed Tamimi for slapping an Israeli soldier also prompted a viral campaign under the hashtag #FreeAhed. A smaller campaign protested the exclusion of Palestinian human rights from the agenda of the annual Creating Change conference organized by the US-based National LGBTQ Task Force in Washington. And, UNRWA publicized its emergency funding appeal, following the decision of the United States to slash funding to the organization, with the hashtag #DignityIsPriceless.

The French Way

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Kuisel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
French Language ◽  
French Cinema ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
The U.S

There are over 1,000 McDonald's on French soil. Two Disney theme parks have opened near Paris in the last two decades. And American-inspired vocabulary such as “le weekend” has been absorbed into the French language. But as former French president Jacques Chirac put it: “The U.S. finds France unbearably pretentious. And we find the U.S. unbearably hegemonic.” Are the French fascinated or threatened by America? They Americanize yet are notorious for expressions of anti-Americanism. From McDonald's and Coca-Cola to free markets and foreign policy, this book looks closely at the conflicts and contradictions of France's relationship to American politics and culture. The book shows how the French have used America as both yardstick and foil to measure their own distinct national identity. France has charted its own path: it has welcomed America's products but rejected American policies; assailed Americ's “jungle capitalism” while liberalizing its own economy; attacked “Reaganomics” while defending French social security; and protected French cinema, television, food, and language even while ingesting American pop culture. The book examines France's role as an independent ally of the United States, but he also considers the country's failures in influencing the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. Whether investigating France's successful information technology sector or its spurning of American expertise during the AIDS epidemic, the book asks if this insistence on a French way represents a growing distance between Europe and the United States or a reaction to American globalization. Exploring cultural trends, values, public opinion, and political reality, this book delves into the complex relationship between two modern nations.

Latino Catholicism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Matovina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Societal Impact ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
The U.S

Most histories of Catholicism in the United States focus on the experience of Euro-American Catholics, whose views on social issues have dominated public debates. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the Latino Catholic experience in America from the sixteenth century to today, and offers the most in-depth examination to date of the important ways the U.S. Catholic Church, its evolving Latino majority, and American culture are mutually transforming one another. This book highlights the vital contributions of Latinos to American religious and social life, demonstrating in particular how their engagement with the U.S. cultural milieu is the most significant factor behind their ecclesial and societal impact.

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