Optimization of pectin and citric acid concentration on the physical and organoleptic characteristics of Barhi date jam using response surface methodology

The pollution of hydric sources by pharmaceuticals is an issue in many countries, particularly in Brazil. The presence of these substances causes deleterious effects on the environment and human health. One of the main sources of this contamination is domestic sewage, due to the expressive amount of medicines released in their unaltered form. Unfortunately, traditional wastewater treatment is not effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals and, for this reason, membrane technology is an attractive alternative to overcome this issue. In this regard, hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), are the most suitable. However, their high affinity with water causes intense swelling, leading to severe modifications in the membrane properties. In view of all these facts, the present work evaluated the swelling of PVA-based membranes, with the aim of finding the membrane preparation method that has the lowest swelling, thereby providing the most suitable characteristics for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater. The membranes were prepared by the casting of a polymeric solution, with PVA as a basis polymer, citric acid as a crosslink agent and glycerol and silver nanoparticles as performance additives. The process optimization was performed using a design of experiments with posterior analysis by the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM assessed the effect on the membrane swelling of the factors, including citric acid concentration and the time and temperature of crosslinking. The membrane characterization was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with a field emission gun (SEM-FEG) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Overall, the condition that showed the lowest swelling was obtained with 10% of citric acid and crosslinking for 4 h at 130 °C. Under these conditions, the membrane had a mass swelling of 42% and a dimensional swelling of 24%. Additionally, our statistical analysis revealed that the factors with the dominant effects were the citric acid concentration and the temperature of crosslinking. The FT-IR analysis suggested that the crosslinking occurred by an esterification reaction, as showed by the stretching frequencies of C=O at 1710 cm-1 and ester C-O at 1230 cm-1. Moreover, the SEM-FEG images revealed a smooth and flat surface and a dense cross section with a thickness of ~113 μm. Concerning the WCA, the angle was at ~80°, which is characteristic of hydrophilic materials. Finally, the data suggested that it is possible to optimize the membrane preparation process with adequate properties so that it can be subsequently applied to the removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater.

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PENGGUNAAN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY PADA OPTIMASI PROSES PENGOLAHAN BAWANG MERAH IRIS IN BRINE

Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian ◽

10.21082/jpasca.v15n1.2018.12-24 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

NFN Ratnaningsih ◽

Desty Vidiantika ◽

Ermi Sukasih ◽

NFN Setyadjit

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Response Surface ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Heating Time ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Minimal Processing ◽

Citric Acid Concentration ◽

Design Expert

Bawang merah merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang mudah rusak dan terkadang mengalami kelangkaan di pasaran. Hal ini menimbulkan masalah serius, seperti harga yang fluktuatif dan terjadinya inflasi. Citarasa bawang merah yang khas menyebabkan keberadaannya dipandang penting oleh masyarakat. Untuk mengatasi tidak kontinunya stok bawang merah di pasaran, perlu dilakukan pengolahan minimal proses, seperti pengolahan bawang merah iris in brine. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kondisi optimum proses pembuatan bawang merah iris in brine. Optimasi proses dilakukan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Pengolahan data menggunakan Program Design Expert 7.0 dengan tiga faktor, yaitu X1 (konsentrasi garam, %), X2 (konsentrasi asam sitrat, %) dan X3 (lama pemanasan, menit). Hasil optimal diperoleh pada kondisi konsentrasi garam 2,5%, asam sitrat 0,73% dan lama pemanasan 5 menit. Bawang merah iris in brine hasil optimasi memiliki nilai Aw 0,895; nilai chroma 16,97; pH 3,47; total padatan terlarut (TPT) 7,84 ᵒBrix dengan kandungan antosianin 20,21 ppm, kandungan senyawa volatil 91,30 ppm dan aktivitas antioksidan 154,25 ppm. The use of Response Surface Methodology on optimization of in brine shallot slices production Shallot is a horticultural commodity that easily damaged and sometimes become scarcity in the market. This triggered serious problems, such as fluctuating prices and inflation. Typical of shallot flavor causes its existences to be considered as important by society. To overcome the uncontinuous stock of shallot in the market, it is necessary to process shallot using minimal processing, such as shallot slices in brine. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum condition of the shallot slices in brine making process. Optimization of the prosess was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Data were processed using Design Expert 7.0, with three factors, namely X1 (salt concentration,%), X2 (citric acid concentration,%) and X3 (duration of heating, minutes). The optimization result was 0.75% citric acid concentration, 2.5% salt concentration and 5 minutes of heating time. The resulting shallot slices in brine has 0.895 of Aw value; 16.97 of Chroma value; 3.47 of pH; 7.84oBrix of total soluble solid (TSS); 20.21 ppm of anthocyanin content; 91.30 ppm of volatile reducing substances (VRS); and 154.25 ppm of antioxidant activity.

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OPTIMIZATION OF SWEET GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L) USING THE ACCEPTANCE TEST, RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND PREFERENCE MAP

Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos ◽

10.5380/cep.v30i1.28654 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CAMILA CARVALHO MENEZES ◽

SORAIA VILELA BORGES ◽

JOÃO DE DEUS SOUZA CARNEIRO ◽

MARCELO ANGELO CIRILLO ◽

ANA CARLA MARQUES PINHEIRO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Response Surface ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Consumer Preference ◽

Potassium Sorbate ◽

Acceptance Test ◽

Citric Acid Concentration ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Preference Map

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the independent variables concentration of citric acid, concentration of potassium sorbate, and pulp/sugar ratio on consumer acceptance for sweet guava. The results were analyzed using statistical methods such as preference map and response surface methodology to determine the influence of the independent variables. Response surface methodology alone proved insufficient to achieve an optimal formulation for the preparation of sweet guava. Based on preference mapping analysis, consumer preference was observed for treatments using higher concentrations of sugar and citric acid. Parameters of sweetness, appearance and texture influenced consumer preferences.

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Study of the Annealing Effect of Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde

Gels ◽

10.3390/gels7040249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

Edgar Franco ◽

Rosmery Dussán ◽

Diana Paola Navia ◽

Maribel Amú

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Response Surface ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Citric Acid Concentration ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Complementary Analysis

Films were fabricated using a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cassava starch and incorporated citric acid in a concentration range between 5% and 40%. The films were annealed through thermal treatment in a temperature range between 30 °C and 90 °C with 0.3% glutaraldehyde incorporated as the crosslinking agent. This study presents the results of an experimental design analyzed using the response surface methodology. The multiple regression analysis allowed us to obtain the second-order models, which relate the annealing factors and citric acid concentration to Maximum Tensile Strength (MTS), Young’s Modulus (YM), and the Maximum Elongation at Break (MEB). The optimization and validation of the obtained model were carried out with error values below 10.08% for all the response variables, indicating that the response surface methodology and optimization were correct. Finally, as a complementary analysis, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were carried out, which revealed a higher packaging of the heat-treated films and verified their crosslinking.

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Self-setting β-tricalcium phosphate granular cement at physiological body condition: effect of citric acid concentration as an inhibitor

Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society ◽

10.1007/s41779-021-00575-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lim Jun Wei ◽

Khairul Anuar Shariff ◽

Syed Abdul Momin ◽

Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar ◽

Arief Cahyanto

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Body Condition ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Citric Acid Concentration ◽

Condition Effect

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Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot by-Products as a Valuable Source

Inventions ◽

10.3390/inventions6030050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Silvia Lazăr (Mistrianu) ◽

Oana Emilia Constantin ◽

Nicoleta Stănciuc ◽

Iuliana Aprodu ◽

Constantin Croitoru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Citric Acid Concentration ◽

Operating Variables ◽

Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽

Optimized Conditions

(1) Background: This study is designed to extract the bioactive compounds from beetroot peel for future use in the food industry. (2) Methods: Spectrophotometry techniques analyzed the effect of conventional solvent extraction on betalains and polyphenolic compounds from beetroot peels. Several treatments by varying for factors (ethanol and citric acid concentration, temperature, and time) were applied to the beetroot peel samples. A Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to investigate the effect of the extraction parameters on the extraction steps and optimize the betalains and total polyphenols extraction from beetroot. A quadratic model was suggested for all the parameters analyzed and used. (3) Results: The maximum and minimum variables investigated in the experimental plan in the coded form are citric acid concentration (0.10–1.5%), ethanol concentration (10–50%), operating temperature (20–60 °C), and extraction time (15–50 min). The experimental design revealed variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW, and the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW. The optimized conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 °C, and extraction time 49.9 min. (4) Conclusions: Overall, it can be noted that the extraction process can be improved by adjusting operating variables in order to maximize the model responses.

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