Pengaruh Oleamida Terhadap Karakteristik Pematangan Karet Alam Terisi Silika

The purpose of this study was as a feasibility study of the utilization of oleamide as a new additive for natural rubber (NR) filled with silica using the semi-efficient vulcanization system. Silica fillers used as much as 30 parts per hundred parts rubber (phr). Oleamide was obtained from the synthesis of oleic acid with urea. Oleamide was inserted into the silica filled NR compounds with the varied composition of 0.0 phr; 2.0 phr; 4.0 phr; 6.0 phr, and 8.0 phr. The influence of oleamide on the curing characteristic of the silica filled NR compounds was observed. It was obtained that the oleamide functions as a curative and also a plasticizer. The greater the levels of oleamide added, the shorter the scorch time and optimum curing time were. Oleamide also decreased the minimum torque with addition up to 8.0 phr. The greater the levels of oleamide was, the lower the minimum torque was. Oleamide also increased the maximum torque and torque difference of the silica-filled NR composites at the addition of 2.0 phr. The 2.0 phr was the optimum composition of the oleamide.

Fabrication of Mambong Pottery by Using Slip Casting Method

Mambong pottery in Kuala Krai, Kelantan is one of the types of potteries in Malaysia other than Sayong, Terenang and Sarawak pottery. Mambong pottery was being made by traditional technique like pinching and throwing. In this research, Mambong pottery was made by using slip casting method. This method used porous mould which can absorb the water content from the clay slip. Different composition of water and clay was used and its effect on product properties was investigated. Samples with different composition of water and clay were labelled as 50C50W, 60C40W, 70C30W and 80C20W samples with addition of 0.7% of sodium silicate, Na2SiO3. The samples were characterized by its specific gravity (S.G.) of clay slip, drying and firing linear shrinkage, density and porosity and strength of the clay samples. Finding from this research showed that 70C30W sample is the optimum composition in fabricating pottery by using slip casting among other samples.

Analytical Method Validation and Formula Optimization of Topical Nanoemulsion Formulation Containing Resveratrol

Resveratrol (RSV), a natural lipophilic phytoalexin, was reported as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, which has the potential to cure diabetic wounds. However, several studies suggested the limitation of RSV, such as poor aqueous solubility, poor stability, and poor oral bioavailability. To overcome the issues, RSV was formulated as a topical nanoemulsion. It is important to ensure the quality of the dosage form by evaluating RSV load in the nanoformulation and optimizing the formula. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated prior to the load determination of RSV in the nanoemulsion formulation. The composition of triacetin-eugenol, Kolliphor® RH 40, and Transcutol® was further optimized by employing a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to achieve the optimum composition with expected viscosity and RSV load. The HPLC method for determining RSV load was successfully validated for parameters of selectivity with the resolution of 8.487, linearity and range (r = 0.9979), precision (0.12% of RSD), accuracy (109–110% of recovery), the limit of detection (0.574 µg/mL), and limit of quantitation (1.740 µg/mL). The result of formula optimization was promising, showing the optimum composition of triacetin-eugenol, Kolliphor® RH 40, and Transcutol® at 4.44 g, 30.97 g, and 11.39 g, respectively.

Optimal Composition of Services for Intelligent Systems Using TOPSIS

Service-oriented architecture is a widely accepted service used for supporting consolidation and integration functions under an enterprise system which are complex in nature but with an intelligent framework which helps in integrating the services in an optimistic and dynamic manner for getting the task done. For any service-oriented architecture-based application, its services are the main components, as it requires service compositions for answering various requests. There exist many possible service compositions for completing a task. To find an optimum composition from those dynamically present during run time is another crucial aspect for the success of this architecture. The present research elaborated a novel idea for optimal composition of services in SOA or any other service-based system. This paper covers a case study along with the outcomes of the experiment which indicates the efficiency and validity of the proposed technique.

Synthesis Polyelectrolyte Complex Membrane Polystyrene Sufonate-Chitosan from Styrofoam Waste as The Adsorbent for Cu(II) and Ni(II) Metal

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan sintesis membran polistirena sulfonat (PSS)-kitosan dari modifikasi limbah styrofoam, kemudian dipelajari kemampuannya dalam mengadsorpsi logam Ni(II) dan Cu(II). Telah ditentukan pula komposisi optimum PSS-kitosan, uji stabilitas asam basa, dan kemampuan swellingnya. Parameter kajian adsorpsi yang dipelajari dalam penelitian ini meliputi pH optimum, kinetika adsorpsi, isoterm adsorpsi, pengaruh kation lain secara selektifitas, dan penentuan mekanisme adsorpsi. Analisis logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) sebelum dan sesudah proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa polistirena sulfonat (PSS) berhasil diperoleh dari reaksi sulfonasi limbah styrofoam yang ditunjukan dengan spektra FTIR. Komposisi optimum membran PSS:kitosan untuk mengadsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) adalah perbandingan 60:40 dengan kestabilan, sifat fisik, dan kemampuan adsorpsi yang paling baik. Keadaan pH optimum adsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) berada pada pH 5, waktu optimum berturut-turut 45 menit dan 60 menit, serta konsentrasi optimum berturut-turut 60 ppm dan 40 ppm. Model kinetika dan isoterm adsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) pada membran PSS-kitosan adalah orde kedua semu (McKay dan Ho) dan model isoterm Freundlich. Tetapan laju reaksi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) pada pH 5 berturut-turut 0,480 mmol/g-1menit-1 dan 0,423 mmol/g-1menit-1. Adanya logam Ni(II) dalam adsorpsi Cu(II) tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan sampai pada perbandingan Ni(II)/Cu(II)= 2:1, namun sebaliknya dengan kehadiran logam Cu(II) pada adsorpsi logam Ni(II) sudah memberikan pengaruh pada perbandingan Ni(II)/Cu(II)=1:1. Afinitas membran PSS-kitosan terhadap logam adalah Cu(II) > Ni(II). Pada studi desorpsi diketahui jenis interaksi antara adsorbat dan situs aktif adsorben merupakan mekanisme pembentukan kompleks, pemerangkapan dan pembentukan ikatan hidrogen. ABSTRACT Synthesis of polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) – chitosan membrane of styrofoam waste modification and its ability to adsorb Ni (II) and Cu (II) metals has been studied. The optimum composition of PSS-chitosan, acidity stability test, and swelling ability have been determined. The parameters of the adsorption study studied in this study include optimum pH, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, selective cationic effects, and determination of adsorption mechanisms. Analysis of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals before and after the adsorption process was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) The results showed that polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) was obtained from the sulfonation of styrofoam waste using the FTIR spectra. The optimum composition of rasio PSS: chitosan membrane for adsorbing Cu (II) and Ni (II) is 60:40 with the best stability, physical properties, and adsorption capability. The optimum pH adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals was at pH 5, the optimum time was 45 min and 60 min, and the optimum concentrations were 60 ppm and 40 ppm. The kinetic and adsorption models of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals on PSS-chitosan membranes are second-order (McKay and Ho) and Freundlich isotherm model. The reaction rates of Cu (II) and Ni (II) reactions at pH 5 were 0.480 mmol / g-1menit-1 and 0.423 mmol / g-1menit-1. The presence of Ni (II) metal in Cu (II) adsorption did not give a significant effect to the ratio of Ni (II) / Cu (II) = 2: 1, but with the presence of Cu (II) metal on metal adsorption Ni (II) have an effect on the ratio of Ni (II) / Cu (II) = 1: 1. The affinity of PSS-chitosan membrane to metal is Cu (II)> Ni (II). Sequential desorption studies showed that the adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals on the PSS-chitosan membrane were estimated to follow a complex formation, hydrogen bond formation, and physical entrapment mechanisms.

Optimum Composition of Developed Additive Based Insect Repellent Paint

Active compounds of Cymbopogon winterianius, Cymbopogoncitratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cedrus, and Eugenol, have been reported to have different insect repellant compounds. Control and development of natural insect repellent additive based decorative coating has driven this work to incorporate the essential oils with long chain fatty acids in water-based lab developed conventional paint. In this work, the Additive based Paint was formulated and its ability to repel different insects was determined. The optimum composition of developed additive based paint was determined by three standard paint analyses which were adhesion, elasticity and insect repellency. As per challenge of Pigment powder and Polymer use for such paint is achieved by testing on Latest instruments. The best composition of additive in paint was found to be 15%. Where it able to repel Pavement Ants, non-biting Flies, Mosquitoes and Black field ant with 80% efficiency. It is envisioned that the formulated paint is effectively function as insect repellent thus as an alternative way to reduce the insect-borne diseases.

Investigation of some Properties of Bio-coal Briquettes Produced using Beniseed (Sesame seed) Stalks as Biomass

This study evaluated the properties of bio-coal briquettes made by blending coal with beniseed (sesame seed) stalks in order to determine the optimum composition. The briquettes were produced using a hydraulic compression machine at 5, 10 and 15 bar applied to coal:biomass compositions of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100% by weight of mixture and particle sizes of 212, 300 and 600 µm. The physical, ultimate and proximate properties of the briquettes were then measured and analyzed. The results indicated that the optimum composition for producing the briquettes lies between 60:40% and 40:60%. These ranges of composition of briquettes had the lowest ignition time of 57.6s, highest percentage volatile matter of 42.7% and low percentage sulphur content of 0.38%. Furthermore, the 40:60% briquettes had the highest mean calorific value of 26.67 MJ/kg. These indicate good potentials for briquettes using coal and beniseed stalks as an alternative energy source while contributing to a friendly environment and wealth generation.