scholarly journals Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot by-Products as a Valuable Source

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Silvia Lazăr (Mistrianu) ◽  
Oana Emilia Constantin ◽  
Nicoleta Stănciuc ◽  
Iuliana Aprodu ◽  
Constantin Croitoru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽  
Optimized Conditions

(1) Background: This study is designed to extract the bioactive compounds from beetroot peel for future use in the food industry. (2) Methods: Spectrophotometry techniques analyzed the effect of conventional solvent extraction on betalains and polyphenolic compounds from beetroot peels. Several treatments by varying for factors (ethanol and citric acid concentration, temperature, and time) were applied to the beetroot peel samples. A Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to investigate the effect of the extraction parameters on the extraction steps and optimize the betalains and total polyphenols extraction from beetroot. A quadratic model was suggested for all the parameters analyzed and used. (3) Results: The maximum and minimum variables investigated in the experimental plan in the coded form are citric acid concentration (0.10–1.5%), ethanol concentration (10–50%), operating temperature (20–60 °C), and extraction time (15–50 min). The experimental design revealed variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW, and the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW. The optimized conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 °C, and extraction time 49.9 min. (4) Conclusions: Overall, it can be noted that the extraction process can be improved by adjusting operating variables in order to maximize the model responses.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU EKSTRAKSI DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM SITRAT TERHADAP PIGMEN BETACYANIN DAUN KREMAH MERAH (Alternanthera dentata) DAN APLIKASINYA PADA PANGAN

Pro Food ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Lisa Yusmita ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Hazli Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Powder Extract

The aim of this research was to determine the best extraction temperature and concentration of citric acid in the extraction of betacyanin powder from Dentata Ruby leaves (Alternanthera dentata) and to know organoleptic panelist reception in the application of betacyanin pigment as a natural colourant to several food types. The design used in this research is Factorial Random Design (RAL) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by F test, then if significant effect was continued with HSD-Tukey test at 5% real level. The extraction temperature factor consisting of 2 levels ie cold temperature (8oC) and room temperature (25oC), and the citric acid concentration factor consisting of 4 levels ie 0%, 1%, 3% and 5%. The results showed that the interaction between extraction temperature and citric acid concentration in the extraction process gave significantly different effect on betacyanin concentration, acidity degree (pH), total acid and powder yield. The extract of betacyanin pigment powder extracted at room temperature (25oC) with the addition of 0% citric acid was the best treatment with betacyanin concentration of 214.47 mg / 100 g of material, pH 5.85 and total acid of 1.272% and powder yield of 56.43 %. The application of betacyanin powder extract on jelly, syrup and ice cream can be accepted organoleptically by the best treatment that is the addition at 1.5%concentration. Key words: antioxidants, betacyanin, dentata ruby, colourant   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi asam sitrat terbaik pada ekstraksi pigmen betacyanin daun kremah merah (Alternanthera dentata) dan mengetahui penerimaan panelis secara organoleptik terhadap aplikasi pigmen betacyanin sebagai pewarna alami terhadap beberapa jenis pangan. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan 3 kali ulangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa secara statistik dengan uji F, kemudian bila berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD-Tukey pada taraf nyata 5%. Faktor suhu ekstraksi yang terdiri dari 2 taraf yaitu suhu dingin ( 8oC) dan suhu kamar (25oC), sedangkan faktor konsentrasi asam sitrat yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu 0 %, 1%, 3% dan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi antara suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi asam sitrat pada proses ekstraksi memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap konsentrasi betacyanin, derajat keasaman (pH) dan total asam serta rendemen bubuk. Ekstrak bubuk pigmen betacyanin yang diekstraksi pada suhu kamar (25oC) dengan penambahan asam sitrat 0 % merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan karakteristik konsentrasi betacyanin sebesar 214,47 mg/100 g bahan, pH 5,85 dan total asam 1,272 % serta rendemen bubuk 56,43 %. Aplikasi penambahan ekstrak bubuk pigmen betacyanin pada jelly, sirup dan es krim dapat diterima secara organoleptik dengan perlakuan terbaik yaitu penambahan pada konsentrasi 1,5 %. Kata kunci: antioksidan, betacyanin, kremah merah, pewarna.

scholarly journals Juice Room Environmental Control Through Misting

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cássio Zapaterra
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Humidity Index

Waste from an orange juice manufacturing operation generally contains significant quantities of citric acid from the extraction process. Not considering environmental factors and the kind of process fruit, sometimes the citric acid concentration in the air can reach unacceptable conditions. The purpose of this work is to define some methods of environmental control in order to avoid high citric acid concentrations in the air. The main idea is to explain in “common language” how to keep an appropriate room temperature and humidity index in order to reduce the citric acid concentration in the air by evaporative cooling. Paper published with permission.

Self-setting β-tricalcium phosphate granular cement at physiological body condition: effect of citric acid concentration as an inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lim Jun Wei ◽  
Khairul Anuar Shariff ◽  
Syed Abdul Momin ◽  
Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar ◽  
Arief Cahyanto
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Condition Effect

scholarly journals Optimization of banana crop by-products solvent extraction for the production of bioactive compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Díaz ◽  
Antonio N. Benítez ◽  
Sara Ramírez-Bolaños ◽  
Lidia Robaina ◽  
Zaida Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Satisfactory Description ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
By Products ◽  
Banana Crops

AbstractThe aim of this work is the optimization of phenolic compound extraction from three by-products of banana crops (rachis, discarded banana, and banana’s pseudostem pulp), as a way to valorize them through a green extraction process. The influence of the temperature and aqueous ethanol concentration (Et-OH) on extract properties (total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity) was firstly analyzed. 78 ℃ and ethanol concentrations close to 50% yielded the best results for the three materials. The equations obtained by the response surface methodology gave a satisfactory description of the experimental data, allowing optimizing the extraction conditions. Under optimized conditions, time influence was then assessed, although this parameter seemed not influence results. Among the three by-products, rachis extract (60% Et-OH, 78 ℃, and 30 min) presented the highest TPC (796 mg gallic acid/100 g of dried material) and antioxidant activity (6.51 mg Trolox equivalents/g of dried material), followed by discarded banana, and pseudostem pulp. Under the optimal conditions, experiments were performed at a larger scale, allowing to determine the extraction yields (EY) and to characterize the extracts. The highest EY was obtained for the rachis (26%), but the extract with the highest activity was obtained for discarded banana (50% Et-OH, 78 ℃, and 60 min), which presented a TPC of 27.26 mg/g extract corresponding to 54.59 mg Trolox equivalents/g extract. This study contributes to the valorization of banana crops residues as a source of polyphenolic compounds with bioactive functions that can be extracted under economic extraction conditions. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phlorotannin From Sargassum swartzii (Turn.) C. Ag. With Ethanol/Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2199618
Author(s):  
Tran Quoc Toan ◽  
Tran Duy Phong ◽  
Dam Duc Tien ◽  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Mai Anh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Brown Macroalgae ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Sargassum Swartzii

Sargassum is a genus of brown macroalgae in the class Phaeophyta, distributed widely in all oceans, including those of Vietnam. Species of this genus have been proven to possess diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory, along with many benefits and applications for human health, including anti-diabetic, obesity, and thrombosis. These benefits arise from a diverse chemical composition, with compounds such as fucoidan, mannitol, and especially phlorotannin—a group of phenolic derivatives found predominantly in brown algae. In this study, we evaluated and optimized the factors that affected the extraction process of phlorotannins from Sargassum swartzii (Turn.) C. Ag., a common species of brown macroalgae in Vietnam. The process utilized ethanol and water as the solvent system, and the extraction process was assisted with the use of microwaves. To carry out optimization studies, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted according to a Central Composite Desisgn (CCD), taking four processing factors into consideration, ethanol concentration (%, v/v), extraction time (minutes), solvent/material ratio (v/w), and microwave output power (W) as independent variables. Phlorotannin concentration (mgPhE/g) and extract mass (mg) were regarded as optimization outcomes. Experimental conditions that produced the highest phlorotannin yield from 10 g of S. swartzii are as follows: Extraction time of 65 minutes, ethanol concentration of 52%, microwave output power of 613 W, and solvent/material ratio of 33/1 (v/w). These conditions corresponded to a phlorotannin concentration of 5.59 ± 0.11 mg PhE/g, and a total extract content of 27.88 ± 0.13 mg/g.

Influence of Citric Acid Concentration and Etching Time on Enamel Surface Roughness of Prepared Human Tooth: in vitro Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Evgeniy V. Sadyrin ◽  
Evgeniy A. Kislyakov ◽  
Roman V. Karotkiyan ◽  
Diana V. Yogina ◽  
Ekaterina G. Drogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Enamel Surface ◽  
Human Tooth ◽  
Etching Time ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration

scholarly journals Effect of Citric Acid Concentration on the Formation of Diacetyl by Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
N. B. Rushing ◽  
Vincent J. Senn
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration

scholarly journals Effect of Citric Acid Concentration on the Formation of Diacetyl by Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Rushing ◽  
Vincent J. Senn
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration

scholarly journals Development of poly(vinyl alcohol)-based membranes by the response surface methodology for environmental applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e5
Author(s):  
Juliana Zanol Merck ◽  
Camila Suliani Raota ◽  
Jocelei Duarte ◽  
Camila Baldasso ◽  
Janaina Da Silva Crespo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Membrane Preparation ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Ft Ir

The pollution of hydric sources by pharmaceuticals is an issue in many countries, particularly in Brazil. The presence of these substances causes deleterious effects on the environment and human health. One of the main sources of this contamination is domestic sewage, due to the expressive amount of medicines released in their unaltered form. Unfortunately, traditional wastewater treatment is not effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals and, for this reason, membrane technology is an attractive alternative to overcome this issue. In this regard, hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), are the most suitable. However, their high affinity with water causes intense swelling, leading to severe modifications in the membrane properties. In view of all these facts, the present work evaluated the swelling of PVA-based membranes, with the aim of finding the membrane preparation method that has the lowest swelling, thereby providing the most suitable characteristics for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater. The membranes were prepared by the casting of a polymeric solution, with PVA as a basis polymer, citric acid as a crosslink agent and glycerol and silver nanoparticles as performance additives. The process optimization was performed using a design of experiments with posterior analysis by the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM assessed the effect on the membrane swelling of the factors, including citric acid concentration and the time and temperature of crosslinking. The membrane characterization was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with a field emission gun (SEM-FEG) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Overall, the condition that showed the lowest swelling was obtained with 10% of citric acid and crosslinking for 4 h at 130 °C. Under these conditions, the membrane had a mass swelling of 42% and a dimensional swelling of 24%. Additionally, our statistical analysis revealed that the factors with the dominant effects were the citric acid concentration and the temperature of crosslinking. The FT-IR analysis suggested that the crosslinking occurred by an esterification reaction, as showed by the stretching frequencies of C=O at 1710 cm-1 and ester C-O at 1230 cm-1. Moreover, the SEM-FEG images revealed a smooth and flat surface and a dense cross section with a thickness of ~113 μm. Concerning the WCA, the angle was at ~80°, which is characteristic of hydrophilic materials. Finally, the data suggested that it is possible to optimize the membrane preparation process with adequate properties so that it can be subsequently applied to the removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater.

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