scholarly journals Forest pathological monitoring of different types protective planting in Lower Volga region

2021 ◽  
Vol 843 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
I R Gribust ◽  
M N Belitskaya ◽  
I V Yudaev ◽  
D S Ivushkin ◽  
E E Nefedjeva ◽  
...  

Abstract In maintaining the material and energy balance of dry-steppe and semi-desert ecosystems, the main active component is forest-reclamation complexes of various purposes. In addition to environmental stabilization and other economic functions, protective plantings are also reserves of regional biodiversity. Research was carried out on permanent test sites in dendrological collections and protective forest stands of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of RAS, as well as in recreational and landscaping plantings using route and stationary methods in different types of forest plantations that differ in condition, level of anthropogenic impact and maintenance regime. The assessment of the forest pathology status of stands was carried out using standard methods and in accordance with the current guidelines for forest pathology survey of plantings and forest pathology monitoring. It was found that in the spectrum of the examined plants, the most prosperous state of the dendroflora is distinguished by arboretums and forest belts. Urban plantings are dominated by severely weakened and shrinking trees (up to 80.0%). The main pathologies in them were shrunken tops and skeletal branches, xylophages, diseases of foliage, wood and trunks. The least pronounced anomalies of woody plants in forest belts (10.7-22.0% lower than in other types of plantings).

Author(s):  
V. M. Kretinin ◽  
K. N. Kulik ◽  
A. V. Koshelev

The article summarizes materials on the development and establishment of a scientific field - agroforestmeliorative soil science. Agroforestmelioration arose in the nineteenth century  based on it, with the active participation of V.V. Dokuchaev, agroforestmeliorative soil science developed as a forest soil science. The factors of soil formation under forest belts, the evolution and polymorphism of soils, the biogeocenotic horizon of the forest litter, soil regimes in the agroforestmelioration landscape, the influence of protective forest plantations on the soil, their role in reducing environmental pollution were studied, agroforestmeliorative zoning of Russia was carried out, and the forest suitability of soils was assessed. The ecological, energy and economic effect of CO2 sequestration from the reclamation effect of protective forest plantations  in Russia in the 20th century was calculated, which amounted to 256 trillion rubles. The cycle and balance of nitrogen and ash elements in the phytomass of field-protecting forest belts of the forest-steppe, steppe, dry-steppe and semi-desert zones of the Russian Federation was studied. The features of the type of cycle of elements are revealed. The average increase in humus in a meter layer of soil under protective forest plantations was 43.26 t/ha, gross nitrogen 2.181, phosphorus 0.704 and potassium 3.462 t/ha and at a distance of 4H from them, respectively, 8.22; 0.423; 0.271 and 2.243 t/ha. It was established that biologized crop rotation in the forest-reclaimed territory in the forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe natural zones increase soil yield by 1.9-17.0 points and crop productivity by 4355-9320 MJ/ha per year. For the first time in agroforestmeliorative soil science, materials are presented on changes in soil properties in the butt of tree species, soil reclamation of the phytogenic fields of trees and shrubs. The participation of agroforestmeliorative soil science in agroforestmeliorative agriculture, agroecology is shown. The tasks of agroforestmeliorative soil science for the coming period are proposed.


Author(s):  
V. A. Silova ◽  

Purpose: to assess the state of dry steppe agroforestry landscapes in Volgograd region, to analyze changes in the values of the vegetation index of sown areas in relation to the width of the favorable protective effect of forest plantations to identify the possibility of using Earth remote sensing data to assess the yield of arable land in agroforestry landscapes. Materials and methods. The object of research is agroforestry landscapes of the dry steppe zone. The studies were carried out in Kalachevsky district Volgograd region. The research methods are based on the aerospace survey technique in combination with geoinformation technologies, interpretation and computer modeling in agroforestry landscapes. The analysis of arable land and the impact of protective forest plantations on arable land productivity was carried out using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Results. Dynamics of vegetation indices for the period 2017–2019 showed the relationship between the zone of favorable influence of the forest shelter belts and their level of degradation, which affected the state of winter wheat crops grown in the dry steppe zone, namely the NDVI values. The regularity of changes in the vegetation index is monitored when the safety of protective forest plantations changes. It is possible to determine the estimated yield of the field by the regression equations, applying the relationship between the vegetation index and the safety of forest belts, according to their zone of favorable influence. Conclusions: field-protective forest belts with high forest stand preservation form favorable protective conditions in the fields for growing crops at a distance of up to 300 m for the dry-steppe zone of Volgograd region, which is confirmed by high yields in the zone of influence of these forest plantations.


Author(s):  
Л.И. Абакумова ◽  
К.Ю. Трубакова

В статье представлен многолетний экспериментальный материал, отра- жающий основные аспекты формирования корневых систем главных древесных пород в защитных лесных насаждениях сухой степи. Установлены приспособительные особенности корневых систем, характер распространения в почвенных горизонтах и их структура в зависимости от условий внешней среды, агротехники и других лесохозяйственных мероприятий. В связи с низкой влагообеспеченностью корнеобитаемого слоя почвы корневые системы тянутся в стороны поля на значительные расстояния и оказывают негативное воздействие на прилегающую территорию – депрессионную зону. Исследования показали, что на территории засушливых областей, где питание лесных полос во многом осуществляется за счет прилегающих полей, важнейшим лесоводственным приемом является снижение общей потребности древостоя в запасе почвенной влаги до уровня, при котором существенно уменьшается амплитуда колебания его влаго- обеспеченности по годам, удовлетворительно растут и формируются устойчивые насаждения. Выявлено, что основные технологические приемы заключаются в уменьшении рядности полос, дифференцировании их породного состава в зависимости от рельефа полей, использования преимущественно засухоустойчивых видов, формирования умеренно ажурного ветроломного профиля и содержания насаждений в режиме лесных экосистем, то есть соблюдением базовых принци- пов степного лесоразведения – обеспечение эффективного влагонакопления в почве отведенной под насаждение полосы, сбережение и экономное расходова- ние почвенной влаги. Полученные данные об особенностях строения корневых систем могут значительно увеличить долговечность и устойчивость защитных лесных насаждений и существенно обеспечить дальнейшее совершенствование методов, технических приемов и других элементов лесоводственных уходов за древостоем. The long-term experimental material reflecting the basic aspects of formation of root systems of the main tree species in protective forest plantings of dry steppe is presented in the article. Adaptive features of root systems, the nature of distribution in soil horizons and its structure depending on environmental conditions, agrotechnics and other forest management measures have been established. Because of the low humidity root layer of soil root systems are drawn to the field over significant distances and have a negative impact on the surrounding area – a depression zone. Studies have shown that in the territory of droughty areas, where forest belts are fed by adjacent fields, the most important silvicultural method is lowering of the general need of a forest stand for an inventory of soil moisture to the level in case of which amplitude of oscillations of its moisture security by years significantly decreases, steady plantings grow satisfactorily and are created. It is revealed that the main processing methods consist in reduction of quantity of strips, differentiation of its structure depending on a relief of fields, use of mainly drought-resistant types, formation of moderately openwork profile, protective from wind, and content of plantings in the mode of forest ecosystems, that is respect for the basic principles of steppe afforestation – ensuring effective moisture accumulation in the soil of the strip which is taken away under planting, saving and an economical expenditure of soil moisture. There were obtained about the features of the structure of root systems can greatly increase the durability and stability of protection forests and to significantly further improve the methods, techniques and other elements of silvicultural treatments for the forest.


2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Kashirskaya ◽  
T. E. Khomutova ◽  
E. V. Chernysheva ◽  
M. V. El’tsov ◽  
V. A. Demkin

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1044-1051
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. Rulev ◽  
Anna M. Pugacheva

From acceptance of the 1948 Plan of Field-Protective Afforestation to the present (2019), this article considers the new agroforestry paradigms protracted formation. Scientific achievements from the 1940s, introduced into practice, served as the basis for decisions on natures global transformation. Pilot facilities from the beginning of the 20th century (the Bogdinsky agroforestry stronghold, the Stone-steppe oasis) still serve as reference objects for agroforest reclamation of territories, with a scientific approach that allows them to function productively today. The plans main idea is to combat drought and desertification of steppe lands, erosion processes, and to prevent sand and dust storms. Creation of 5709 thousand hectares of protective forests, afforestation of 1106 thousand hectares of ravines, fixing and afforestation of sand on an area of 322 thousand hectares, and implementation of many planned activities during a short period locate this plan among other ambitious international projects. The authors draw attention to the time of creation and the volume of plantings of paramount importance, that is, state protective forest belts and protective forest plantations. Understanding the importance of agroforestry for modern agricultural landscapes led to formation of sustainable and durable agroforestry systems in subarid landscapes based on a combination of agricultural and landscape-ecological ideologies. Allegedly, considering terrain ecotopes, three-dimensional evaluation of the agrolandscape and a non-linear approach make it possible to create multifunctional, highly productive agroforestry systems in critical agriculture zones.


Author(s):  
O.N. Baryshnikova ◽  
A.P. Olfert ◽  
A.G. Repko ◽  
Yu.I. Fatueva

On the example of the territory of the Altai Krai, the article traces the consequences of destruction of the natural landscapes structure, the creation of artificial elements of their ecological framework of agricultural landscapes, which currently needs restoration and optimization. The thesis is substantiated that the ecological frame of the Altai Krai territory should be as close as possible to the structure of its natural landscapes, which will ensure the productivity of farmland. The most important elements of the ecological framework of forest-steppe and especially steppe landscapes are forest belts, for the creation of which it is necessary to use elements of a water-erosion network, tree species that form a zonal type of vegetation. Creating a system of protective forest plantations in combination with ponds and terrace embankments can increase crop yields up to 25-50 centners per hectare. Landscape planning can serve as a tool for creating an ecological framework for a territory.


Author(s):  
O.M. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
S.A. Erofeev ◽  
S.V. Vetrova ◽  
M.R. Makarov ◽  
...  

Currently, sunflower is the main oil crop in the Tambov region. The most important task of modern agricultural production is the use of technologies that increase the yield and quality of field crops. Data on seed and oil yield of sunflower are very important when choosing different types of mineral fertilizers. In this regard, the purpose of our research was to study the effect of various doses, methods and terms of application of macro- and microfertilizers on yield, crop quality and oil yield of sunflower in a link of the 6-year crop rotation: fallow – winter wheat – corn (for grain) – barley – sunflower – spring wheat. The research was conducted at the Tambov Research Institute of Agriculture – a branch of the I.V. Michurin Federal Research Center, which is located in the Tambov region. On typical black soil, application of both traditional mineral fertilizers (N16P16K16) for plowing, and liquid mineral fertilizers (Megamix) during pre-sowing treatment and for plants treatment during vegetative period contributes to obtaining an additional seed and oil yields. For 2014–2020, the highest seed and oil yields were obtained in variant (5) with N30P30K30 for plowing + seed treatment with Megamix (2.0 l/t) and amounted to 2.84 t/ha and 1324 kg/ha, respectively. The fat content varied depending on the variant of the experiment. The maximum indicator of 53.6% was in the variant with the application of N30P30K30. But due to the lower seed yield, the oil yield amounted to 1.21 t/ha. All variants for seed and oil yields were superior to the control one (without fertilizers).


Author(s):  
Jana Podhrázská ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
Hana Středová

The conditions for the development of wind erosion are determined by the soil and climatic conditions as well as by the presence or absence of wind barriers. It is because of its climatic and soil conditions that the territory of the South Moravia Region has been affected by erosion for centuries. Combined with the atmospheric conditions, the dry and warm climate enables the development of aeolian processes both in light, drying soils and – under certain climatic conditions – in heavy, clay-loam soils. Soil erosion exposure maps have been prepared in order to identify the territories which are potentially exposed to wind erosion in terms of the soil and climatic conditions. Six exposure categories have been applied to the soils. However, the impact of permanent vegetation barriers – line elements – must be considered in order to identify the most exposed areas. Protective forest belts were planted in the 1950s to counter the effects of wind erosion and they are included in the database of the Institute for Economic Forest Management. The network of these wind barriers and the heath condition of the individual elements are often unsatisfactory because of poor maintenance. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the spatial function of the network of protective forest belts using the map of the potential exposure of soil in the Region of South Moravia. The method used to evaluate the spatial function of the windbreaks presented in the study using GIS instruments.


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