Research on the influencing factors of reclaimed wastewater reuse and countermeasure in China

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

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Reclaimed Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Turkey

Water Security in Asia - Springer Water ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-54612-4_45 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 609-618

Author(s):

M. E. Aydin ◽

S. Aydin ◽

F. Beduk

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater

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Groundwater recharge in an endoreic basin with reclaimed municipal wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.004 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (1-2) ◽

pp. 449-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. De Feo ◽

M. Galasso ◽

V. Belgiorno

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Table ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Karst Aquifer ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Agricultural Practice ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Research Activity ◽

Deep Groundwater

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the groundwater pollution in an endoreic basin in southern Italy. The aquifer circulation was carried out on two different levels: a shallow groundwater, with a water table of about 10 m, and a deep groundwater in a karst aquifer, with a water table of 140–190 m. Reclaimed municipal wastewater and superficial water collected in the catchment area were both drained in a swallow hole linked with the deep groundwater. The agricultural practice conducted in the endoreic basin produced an excess of nitrate in the soil. Nitrate was subsequently washed out and displaced in the groundwater. With regard to the EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), the research activity conducted during 2003 showed the absence of pollution in the deep groundwater used for drinking water supply. The shallow groundwater, instead, was strongly influenced by agricultural and pasture activities, with detectable levels of nitrates and bacteria. In order to reduce the load of pollution entering the swallow hole and then in the deep groundwater, the realisation of a constructed wetland plant was proposed to improve the quality of reclaimed wastewater, as well as to pursue the wastewater reuse in agriculture.

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Experimental study on municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewater refinement for agricultural reuse

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2008.651 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Gori ◽

C. Caretti

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Central Italy ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Combined Process ◽

Industrial Wastewaters ◽

Set Up ◽

Ornamental Shrubs ◽

Selection Of

The present study is aimed at verifying the possibility of reusing municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewaters for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs, paying attention to the refinery treatment. The research has been carried out in the district of Pistoia (Central Italy), which represents one of the main nursery areas in Europe. Two experimental sites, each consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic area, were set-up. In this paper the attention is focused on the selection of the refinery treatment. The combined process of peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) chosen for the disinfection treatment proved to be very effective for the inactivation of microorganisms for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. The high efficiency is recognised as being brought about by the formation of free radicals due to the photolysis of the PAA when in the presence of the UV rays. A preliminary cost analysis has been carried out in order to highlight the most economically advantageous solution which guarantees the compliance to the Italian limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture (Escherichia Coli 10 CFU/100 mL).

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A survey of attitudes and acceptance of wastewater reuse in Iran: Shiraz City as a case study

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2016.117 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 511-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mohammad Ali Baghapour ◽

Mohammad Reza Shooshtarian ◽

Babak Djahed

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Treatment Process ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Willingness To Use

People's attitudes are a key issue in the use of reclaimed wastewater. Unfortunately, there is not enough research on the use of reclaimed wastewater in developing countries such as Iran. The present study aimed to investigate public acceptance and citizens' attitudes toward reclaimed wastewater in Shiraz, Iran. A two-part questionnaire, designed to collect demographic data and information about people's willingness to reuse wastewater, was distributed among 562 citizens of Shiraz. The results showed that most respondents knew nothing about the chemical quality (67.4%) or microbiological quality (81.5%) of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. The maximum acceptance of treated wastewater use was related to public consumption (87%), car washing (85%) and flush tank (80%), respectively. The minimum acceptance was related to cooking and drinking (8%). Also, a significant correlation was observed between citizens' willingness to use reclaimed wastewater and variables such as level of education, gender, awareness of wastewater treatment process and awareness of quality of reclaimed wastewater. Shiraz citizens, like other people in the world, were less willing to use reclaimed wastewater for cooking, drinking, laundry and bathing, but their willingness was obviously greater in applications with less skin contact.

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Wastewater recycling and reuse in the Near East Region: experience and issues

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0044 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 33-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Bazza

Keyword(s):

Near East ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Salt Intrusion ◽

East Region ◽

Regulatory Frameworks ◽

Groundwater Aquifers ◽

Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽

Wastewater Recycling

Wastewater in most countries of the Near East Region (NER) is being more and more recognized as of vital importance to be treated and made safe for reuse. It contributes considerably to the water budget in several countries, particularly those suffering from water scarcity. Treated wastewater is used directly in irrigation of farms or landscape green areas. Limited indirect use includes recharge of groundwater aquifers to control over-draft and salt intrusion in coastal areas. A large share of wastewater is still not treated and part of it is used in an uncontrolled manner, including for the production of uncooked food crops the consumption of which poses health risks. Expansion of treated wastewater reuse in the region is linked to a number of issues and constraints. The high cost of treatment and management of reclaimed wastewater is one of the major limitations facing the week economy of most countries. Unclear polices, institutional conflicts and lack of regulatory frameworks constitute other important constraints that hinder implementation and proper operation of wastewater reuse projects. The manpower capacity is at varying levels between countries, but additional training and capacity strengthening are generally needed throughout the region. This paper gives an overview of the existing practices of wastewater reuse in the NER and of the constraints facing it. It concludes with recommendations and policy options that are likely to lift these constraints and to make a better use of the wastewater potential.

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Estrogen-like and dioxin-like organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater: transfer to irrigated soil and groundwater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2011.322 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 63 (8) ◽

pp. 1657-1662 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

O. Mahjoub ◽

A. Escande ◽

D. Rosain ◽

C. Casellas ◽

E. Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Organic Contaminants ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽

Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽

Before And After ◽

Estradiol Equivalent ◽

Irrigated Soils

In semi-arid regions, treated wastewater reuse for irrigation is a common practice since wastewater is considered as a non negligible water resource in these areas. However, treated wastewater contains traces of organic compounds which may contaminate the receiving environment i.e. soil and groundwater. Some of these organic compounds have the ability to bind to estrogen receptor (ER) or dioxin receptor (AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor). The fate of these compounds in effluent reused for irrigation, irrigated soils and groundwater is not well addressed yet. In the present study, estrogenic and dioxin-like activities were studied in three media: i) effluents reused for irrigation, ii) soils samples collected from the reclaimed water irrigated plot during six month irrigation, and iii) groundwater sampled before and after irrigation periods. Effluents reused for irrigation exhibited ER and AhR activities at 38.5±9.9 ng estradiol-equivalent/L (ng E2-EQ/L) and 113.3±27.7 ng dioxin-equivalent/L (ng TCDD-EQ/L), respectively. Soils showed ER activity (0.05 ng E2-EQ/g) only after 4 months of irrigation. AhR activities detected in all soil samples have not changed during irrigation. In groundwater, ER activities were detected in two piezometers indicating transfer of some estrogenic compounds.

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