scholarly journals Stabilization of Kaolin Clay Soil Reinforced with Single Encapsulated 20mm Diameter Bottom Ash Column

2021 ◽  
Vol 930 (1) ◽  
pp. 012099
Author(s):  
M Hasan ◽  
M S I Zaini ◽  
N A A Hashim ◽  
A Wahab ◽  
K A Masri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Stone Column ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Compaction Method

Abstract Ground improvement methods are used to reduce the weakness of soft clay, which is low strength and high compressibility. The stone column technique involves replacing any of the soil with crushed stone such as broken rocks or sand which is an efficient method of improving the strength parameters of soil. Bottom ash usage in materials of building will effectively decrease the buildup of the waste and hence protect the environment. This study is to determine the shear strength of kaolin soft clay reinforced with a 20 mm diameter single encapsulated bottom ash column with various lengths. The research will look into the physicomechanical qualities of the materials used, including subsoil and bottom ash. Three (3) batches of samples with each batch consists of five (5) samples were prepared by using compaction method. All kaolin samples with a diameter of 50mm and height of 100mm with single encapsulated bottom ash columns with various lengths which are 60mm, 80mm, and 100mm were tested under Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). The result illustrated that the strength of samples increases as the height and volume of encapsulated bottom ash column increases.

Uplift and Settlement Prediction Model of Marine Clay Soil e Integrated with Polyurethane Foam

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 481-489
Author(s):  
D.C. Lat ◽  
I.B.M. Jais ◽  
N. Ali ◽  
B. Baharom ◽  
N.Z. Mohd Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Effective Thickness ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Uplift Pressure ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Improvement Method

AbstractPolyurethane (PU) foam is a lightweight material that can be used efficiently as a ground improvement method in solving excessive and differential settlement of soil foundation mainly for infrastructures such as road, highway and parking spaces. The ground improvement method is done by excavation and removal of soft soil at shallow depth and replacement with lightweight PU foam slab. This study is done to simulate the model of marine clay soil integrated with polyurethane foam using finite element method (FEM) PLAXIS 2D for prediction of settlement behavior and uplift effect due to polyurethane foam mitigation method. Model of soft clay foundation stabilized with PU foam slab with variation in thickness and overburden loads were analyzed. Results from FEM exhibited the same trend as the results of the analytical method whereby PU foam has successfully reduced the amount of settlement significantly. With the increase in PU foam thickness, the settlement is reduced, nonetheless the uplift pressure starts to increase beyond the line of effective thickness. PU foam design chart has been produced for practical application in order to adopt the effective thickness of PU foam within tolerable settlement value and uplift pressure with respect to different overburden loads for ground improvement works.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Pada Tanah Lempung Paccinongang Kabupaten Gowa

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Leonard Felix Widyo Sanderan ◽  
Irwan Lie Keng Wong ◽  
Monika Datu Mirring Palinggi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Compression Test ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell

Soil has an important role in a highway construction planning that serves to pass the load from the top layer, but not always the basic soil layer is able to function properly. Therefore, in this study was conducted to find out the effect of the addition of oil palm shell ash on clay soil to UCT (Unconfined Compression Test). The type of soil that will be usedfor penelitian is clay soil taken in Paccinongang area, Gowa Regency. The methodology in this study conducted several    soil physical properties testing then Kompaksi testing to obtain optimum moisture content value, and Unconfined Compression Test to get strong press value (qu). The results of the study showed that the soil meets the physical properties of clay soil. From The Free Press Strong test on the ash content of the palm shell 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% at point 1 the free press strength value decreased from 0% by 0.362% and increased at 9% by 0.424%. Meanwhile, at point 2, it decreased by 0% by 0.445% and increased at 12% by 0.423%.  From the Unconfined Compression Test on Paccinongang clay, Gowa Regency with the addition of oil palm shell ash from both samples, there was an increase in the addition of 9% and 12% of normal clay soil.

scholarly journals LIGHTWEIGHT SLAG, PFA COLUMN A NEW SOFT GROUND IMPROVEMENT METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 04-07
Author(s):  
Hafez, M. A ◽  
Sidek, H.N ◽  
Moustafa Z. Ibrahim ◽  
Almkahal, Z
Keyword(s):  
Shear Failure ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Pozzolanic Reaction ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Stone Columns ◽  
Stone Column ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Curing Method

This study investigates how to reduce the demand on in non-renewable granite source, by replacing granite aggregate with boiler slag in the stone column. It is a fact that boiler slag is a power station waste material which causes too many environmental problems. By introducing it as a ground improvement technique, we can reduce the bulging and shear failure problems encountered on stone columns application by adding more improvement to the stone column mixture. For more enhancements to the mixture, pulverized fly ash (PFA) of Class F is added. By increasing the amount of PFA, the resistance of the stone column in term of shear and bearing capacity are increased as the PFA pozzolanic reaction begins to produce more strength during the increasing time of the curing period. Both samples of the boiler slag and PFA are taken from Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Power Station, Klang, Selangor. The materials mixed are sand, cement and water to make boiler slag aggregates -PFA (slag) mixture. This study aims to define the slag concrete performance according to the optimum configuration of the materials used in the mixture. Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) is applied to define the ideal ratio of boiler slag between 60% to 30% ratios from the total weight which applied with 2% ratio of cement from the total weight. The results of the study show that the number of boiler slags, the period of curing, and the method of curing are the most important factors in defining the slag stone column performance. Testing the samples in ordinary circumstances to entire areas can be accomplished by determining the soil properties and meeting them. The best result gained was the 40% ratio of boiler slag in a curing method that preserved the mixture moisture and temperature, which led to the optimum strength of the slag stone column.

scholarly journals Behavior of Stone Column improved Clay soil under static loading-A numerical exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 440-445
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Stone Column ◽  
Cost Effective Method

Problematic soil which cause extra problems from engineering point of views which result in its composition or environmental conditions change. The weak subsoil deposits like soft clay pose the low bearing capacity and more settlements over long periods of time. The stone column technique is better, economical and cost-effective method of soft soil stabilization. They are used to support embankments, large raft foundations and isolated footings. Numerous researchers have just completed various vertical stacking probes stone column balanced out clay bed and have discovered that expands bearing capacity of delicate clay, diminishes displacement and changes the conduct of burden settlement. In the current study, a 2D finite element model is completed to evalute how the delicate clay soil balanced out by stone column are affected by the vertical burdens. Stone column were intended for examinations with fluctuating in their angle proportions (change in estimations of length, L and breadth, D) of stone column. The effect of floating stone column and end bearing stone segment on delicate clay is in like manner controlled by using various L/D ratios. Besides, the present outcomes express how the heap conveying limit of stone column is differed by changing in the angle proportions of the stone column. Likewise ends were drawn that bulging impact of stone column plays a vital role in conveying vertical burden.

Study Of The Effectiveness Of The Use Of Gypsum And Volcanic Ash On Stability Of The Clay Soil Based On The CBR Value And The Unconfined Compression Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Ade Indra Utama Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Compression Test ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Native Soil

Stabilization is one of the efforts to improve the condition of the soil which has a poor index of properties. One of the soil stabilization that is usually done is by adding chemicals to the soil. Chemicals commonly used in the form of cement, lime, bitumen. In this study, the stabilization of clay was carried out by adding gypsum and volcanic ash. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the index properties due to the addition of 2% gypsum and volcanic ash on the clay soil, then to determine the maximum compressive strength value due to the addition of variations in stabilizing materials by testing the Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) and testing the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). ) laboratory. From the research, it was found that the original soil sample had a moisture content of 12.42%; specific weight 2.65; liquid limit 46.82% and plasticity index 29.40%. The original soil classification according to USCS is classified as Clay – Low Plasticity (CL) and according to AASHTO it is classified as A-7-6 (10). Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) values ​​for native soil and native soil plus 2% gypsum were 1.40 kg/cm2 and 1.66 kg/cm2. The laboratory CBR values ​​for soaked and unsoaked for the original soil were 4.44% and 6.28%, respectively. While the laboratory CBR values ​​soaked and unsoaked for the original soil plus 2% gypsum were 6.74% and 8.02%, respectively.The most effective results were obtained from a mixture of 2% gypsum and 10% volcanic ash with a UCT value of 2.79 kg/cm2 (an increase of 99.28%). For laboratory CBR testing, the most effective mixture was on a mixed variation of 2% gypsum and 9% volcanic ash with laboratory CBR values ​​soaked and unsoaked of 9.07% (an increase of 104.27% from the original soil) and 10 ,29% (an increase of 63.85% from the original land). The soil that has been mixed with the most effective stabilizer material, namely 2% gypsum and 9% volcanic ash is classified as Clay - Low Plasticity (CL) based on the USCS classification and is classified as A-6 (4) based on the AASHTO classification.

scholarly journals Settlement Behaviour of Soft Clay Bed Reinforced with Stone Column under Sustained Loading

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1744-1749
Keyword(s):  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Sustained Load ◽  
Stone Column ◽  
Sustained Loading ◽  
Settlement Behavior ◽  
High Area ◽  
Area Replacement Ratio

This research paper investigates the behaviour of soft clay reinforced with stone column under sustained loading. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory on stone column reinforced prepared soft soil bed of kaolin having strength of 7.5 kPa with aggregate of size 2.5 to 10 mm as column material. The stone column with four diameters of 38.1, 50.8, 63.5 and 76.2mm were constructed which correspond to low to high area replacements ratios (i.e. 6.93% - 26.49%). The plain and reinforced soft clay beds were subjected to a sustained load of 150, 200, 250 and 300 kPa where each applied load has been maintained for 24 hours and the settlement behavior of composite ground was taken into account. The test results represent the settlement of reinforced soil bed decreases with increase of column diameters. The settlement reduction ratio is a measure of ground improvement which increases with area replacement ratio. The experimental and theoretical results values were compared as per IS15284 (Part 1): 2003 with reference of stress concentration ratio ‘n’(The ratio of stress in the column to the stress of surrounding ground area). The % variation in theoretical and experimental results is in the range of 50% and therefore the theoretical procedure needs to be revised.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Use of Cement, Gypsum, and Limestone on the Improvement of Clay through Unconfined Compression Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Ika Puji Hastuty
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Compression Test ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Limestone Soil ◽  
Materials Used

Soil stabilization is an effort to improve soil properties by adding additives in the soil to increase the soil strength and maintain the shear strength of the soil. There are many materials which can be used as stabilizers. The materials used in this study were cement, gypsum, and limestone, then the compressive strength values were compared by using the Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). The mixture combinations used in this study were 1% to 10% of cement, gypsum, and limestone on clay by curing for 14 days. The compressive strength value resulted from the unconfined compression test on the original soil sample was 1.4 kg/cm2. The original soil was classified as moderately sensitive soil because the sensitivity value of the original soil was 2. After being stabilized with various mixtures of cement, gypsum, and limestone, soil stabilization using cement obtained the maximum unconfined compressive strength value is 3.681 kg/cm2 in the mixture of 10%. Similarly, the soil stabilization using limestone and gypsum also obtained its maximum unconfined compressive strength value in the mixture of 10% is 3.307 kg/cm2 and 2.975 kg/cm2, respectively.

scholarly journals Improving the Characteristics of a Soft Clay Soil Using Cement Activated Low-Calcium Fly Ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Qutaiba Majeed ◽  
Abdalla M Shihab M Shihab ◽  
Jasim M. Abbas ◽  
Saad Sh. Sammen
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics

In this research, the potential improvement of some geotechnical characteristics of soft clay soil using the low Calcium fly ash was evaluated. (These characteristics include unit weight, shear strength, compaction characteristics and soil plasticity characteristics). In addition, the X-ray diffraction test was performed to measure the mineralogical changes in the soft clay soil when the low Calcium fly ash is added. The ordinary Portland cement was used to activate the fly ash. The total percent of flash and cement was10% to investigate the variation in the effectiveness of activation. The optimum moisture content that which computed by the compaction test was adopted in the rest of the experimental program. The test results revealed that the cement could be used to improve the activating of the fly ash efficiently. The maximum value of dry density was marginally affected due to activation from 1.747 to 1.738 g/cm3 along with a corresponding change in optimum water content from 17.45 to 15.5 %. The soil cohesion parameter increased from 188 to 206 kN/m2 whereas the angle of internal friction rose from about 56.7o to 59.1o. Finally, the results of the unconfined compression test reveal that the cement-activated fly ash could present better results than those obtained from a 28-days curing cement.

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