Mild wear and severe wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at low, intermediate and high sliding speeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian An ◽  
Zhijia Yu ◽  
Hongfei Duan ◽  
Yuxi Tian ◽  
Yiguang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Mild Wear

Effect of Counter Surface Temperature and Load on the Transition from Mild to Severe Wear Behavior of Al-Si-SiCp Composites in Reciprocating Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 710 ◽  
pp. 551-556
Author(s):  
V.R. Rajeev ◽  
D.K. Dwivedi ◽  
S.C. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Mild Wear ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Composite Mode ◽  
Counter Surface

In the present paper, the effect of counter surface temperature and load on the transition from mild to severe wear of A319/15%SiCp, A336/15%SiCp, and A390/15%SiCp composites have been reported. Composites were produced through stir casting route. Adhesive wear behavior of composites was studied under dry reciprocating conditions using indigenously developed reciprocating friction wear test rig conforming to ASTM standard G133-05. It was found that increase in counter surface temperature increases wear rate and depending upon the load and type of composite mode of wear changes from mild oxidative to severe metallic wear noticed. At 120N load, the critical transition temperature for all the three Al-Si-SiCp composites was found to be 350°C. SEM study of wear surface and wear debris was conducted to analyze the mode of wear and operating wear mechanism. Severe wear was characterized by massive plastic deformation and gross material removal while the mild wear was found to be associated with delamination and scoring as main wear mechanisms responsible for material loss.

Transition of Mild Wear to Severe Wear in Oxidative Wear of H21 Steel

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Q. Wang ◽  
M. X. Wei ◽  
F. Wang ◽  
X. H. Cui ◽  
C. Dong
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Wear ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Mild Wear

scholarly journals Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Mild–Severe Wear Transition of Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Li ◽  
Jihe Feng ◽  
Ce Liang ◽  
Jian An
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Hardness Measurement ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Softening Effect ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Wear Transition

Dry sliding wear behavior of Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy was investigated at test temperatures of 50–200 °C under three sliding speeds of 0.8 m/s, 3.0 m/s and 4.0 m/s. The wear mechanisms in mild and severe wear regimes were identified by examination of morphologies and compositions of worn surfaces using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and from which wear transition maps under different sliding speeds were constructed on rectangular coordinate systems with applied load versus test temperature axes. It is found that under each sliding speed condition, mild–severe transition load decreases almost linearly within the test temperature range of 50 °C to 200 °C. Microstructure observation and hardness measurement in subsurfaces identify that the softening effect generating form dynamic crystallization (DRX) is the dominant mechanism for the mild–severe wear transition at elevated temperatures. The mild–severe wear transition at 50–200 °C follows the contact surface DRX temperature criterion, and the transition loads can be well evaluated using the criterion.

Effect of sliding speed and hardness on wear behavior and mechanism of AISI H13 steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (11) ◽  
pp. 1822-1833
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Shouxing Zhu ◽  
Shuqi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
H13 Steel ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Oxide Layers ◽  
Aisi H13 Steel ◽  
Mild Wear ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Aisi H13 ◽  
Quenched And Tempered Steel

Dry sliding tests were performed under various sliding speeds and loads in air for AISI H13 steel with different hardness values. Through investigating morphologies, compositions and phases of worn surfaces, the wear behaviors and mechanisms of AISI H13 steel as a function of sliding speed and hardness were explored, and especially, the effects of friction-oxide layers and their stability were disclosed. Sliding speed and the hardness of the steel significantly affected the wear behavior and mechanism due to the evolution of friction-oxide layers. With an increase of sliding speed, more oxides were produced by the process of friction oxidation. The stability of friction-oxide layers became a key factor in determining wear rate, which was closely related with the hardness of the steel. Those friction-oxide layers formed on the quenched and tempered steel with lower hardness remained stable, providing more protection from wear. Three types of wear mechanisms were found to prevail. Adhesive and abrasive wear were dominant accompanied with oxidation mild wear at relatively low sliding speeds, where the wear resistance was proportional to the hardness of the steel. As sliding speed increased, oxidation mild wear became dominating, where the wear resistance was not related to the hardness of the steel. As the sliding speed further increased, the wear fell in oxidation mild-to-severe wear transition region, in which the wear resistance was inversely proportional to the hardness of the steel.

Tribological behaviour of hypereutectic Al-Si automotive cylinder liner material under dry sliding wear condition in severe wear regime

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012096461
Author(s):  
Ajith Kurian Baby ◽  
M Priyaranjan ◽  
K Deepak Lawrence ◽  
PK Rajendrakumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Liner Material ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Mild Wear ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Pin On Disk ◽  
Silicon Particles

Hypereutectic Al-Si alloys are used as material for the engine block and cylinder liners in automobiles. Wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy system changes significantly with applied normal load in both mild wear and severe wear regime. Significant improvement in wear resistance can be obtained by exposing silicon particles through the chemical etching process. For Al-25% Si alloys, most studies are reported in mild and ultra-mild wear regime. In the present work, the wear of exposed silicon particles with varying load and speed in severe wear regime was investigated under the unidirectional sliding condition and bi-directional sliding condition using a pin-on-disk tribometer (POD) and a linear reciprocating tribometer (LRT), respectively. Rapidly solidified and T6 heat-treated Al-25Si alloy was polished and etched using 5% NaOH solution to expose the silicon particles. Experiments were carried out with normal loads varying from 40 N to 120 N in dry sliding conditions. Sliding speeds of 0.8 m/s and 1.5 m/s were applied for each load in case of a pin on disk tribometer whereas, in an LRT, the sliding velocities were 0.2 m/s and 0.45 m/s respectively for each set of the load. The surface topography was measured by means of a 3-D optical profilometer, and surface morphology was analyzed using SEM images. It was observed that at higher loads, larger Si particles were fractured and pushed into the matrix. Fractured silicon particles, along with smaller particles, were embedded into the matrix, thereby increasing the silicon concentration in the wear region. The comparison of the experimental results of unidirectional and bi-directional sliding that reveal the change in surface morphology of silicon particles, the friction characteristics at the interface, variation of surface 3-D roughness parameters, the wear rate and wear mechanisms of Al-25% Si alloys are analyzed and reported in the study.

The dry wear of steels II. Interpretation and special features

1965 ◽  
Vol 257 (1077) ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Film ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Frictional Heating ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Phase Hardening ◽  
Special Effects ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Mild Wear

The pattern of wear outlined in part I is interpreted in the light of further experiments which reveal that the change from severe wear to mild is governed by the hardness and state of oxidation of the surfaces. At light loads (< T 1) severe wear is inhibited by the combined effects of strain hardening and oxidation. At higher loads (> T 2) mild wear recurs primarily as a consequence of a change of phase induced by frictional heating. The hardness accompanying the phase change is great enough, initially, to suppress severe wear without the intervention of an oxide film. At loads immediately above T 2, however, the hardness tends to fall if rubbing is prolonged and oxidation is again essential to preserve the mild wear state. Sustained phase-hardening does not occur until a higher load, roughly coinciding with the T 3 transition, is attained and this finding has an important bearing on the influence of inert atmospheres. The onset of permanent hardening is not responsible for the divergent pin and ring wear rates at T 3, though the phenomena may be linked by the magnitude of the temperatures required to cause phase-hardening; the T 3 transition and the trend at higher loads have been identified as special effects associated with the thermal asymmetry of the rubbing system.

Wear Behavior of Laser Surface-Hardened Gray and Ductile Cast Irons: Part 1—Sliding Wear

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Molian ◽  
Mark Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Test System ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Laser Surface ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Depth Analysis

The influence of laser surface transformation hardening on the sliding wear characteristics and mechanisms of ASTM class-40 gray and 80-55-06 ductile cast irons was investigated. A 1.2 kw, continuous wave, CO2 gas laser was employed to scan the beam successively across the surfaces of cast irons to generate hardened and tempered layers with various case depths. A pin-on-disk wear test system was then used to study the wear behavior as functions of case depth, microstructure, hardness, and surface roughness. As expected, a dramatic improvement in resistance to scuffing and sliding wear was obtained. However, the most significant result was the occurrence of negligible oxidational wear for a load range that increased with an increase in case depth. Resistance to mild and severe wear, mild-to-severe wear transition load, and frictional heating were increased with an increase in case depth. Analysis of worn surfaces and wear debris revealed that negligible oxidational wear in laser-hardened irons is due to two mechanisms: oxidation and adhesion of oxide to the substrate. In contrast, the mild oxidational wear of untreated irons occurs through the formation of loose oxide debris. The mechanisms of severe wear were plastic deformation, delamination, and adhesion; the rate process was controlled by adhesion for laser hardened irons and delamination for untreated irons.

Influence of Mechanical and Chemical Factors on Transition Between Severe and Mild Wear in Saline Solution

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Applied Potential ◽  
Severe Wear ◽  
Saturated Condition ◽  
Mild Wear ◽  
Chemical Factors

Pin-on-disk wear tests of carbon steels in saline solution were carried out at high loads to study the effects of mechanical and chemical factors on the transition between severe and mild wear. The factors were load, presliding time, concentration of saline solution, dissolved oxygen content, and applied potential for cathodic protection. Severe wear and seizure appear at low concentration levels of saline solution and the transition takes place at a certain concentration level of saline solution. The concentration level for the transition is higher under argon-saturated condition than under air-saturated condition. Mild wear is predominant over the whole range of dissolved oxygen content from 0.5 to 18 ppm in 0.5 wt percent saline solution and the wear rate decreases with decreasing dissolved oxygen content. The mild wear occurs in the range from 2 to 18 ppm in 0.01 wt percent saline solution, whereas the wear mode moves to severe wear below 2 ppm. Mild wear predominates under incomplete cathodic protection between −0.50 and −0.80 V (versus Ag/AgCl in 0.5 wt percent saline solution. The applied potential for the transition from initial to steady wear is more negative under higher dissolved oxygen content condition. Complete severe wear occurs below −0.90 V (versus Ag/AgCl) with a risk of seizure.

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