The Effect of Reduced Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Testing After Adoption of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Hemoglobin A1c and Time in RangeData reported previously in Price, DA, et al. (2017). Glycemic impact of reduced frequency of blood glucose monitoring with continuous glucose monitoring use. Diabetes 66(S1):A239.

Consumers and health care professionals expect blood glucose monitoring systems to consistently generate results that are close to actual blood glucose levels. Numerous environmental, physiologic, and operational factors can affect system performance, yielding results that are inaccurate or unpredictable. This study examined the effect of one factor—high altitude—on the performance of seven blood glucose monitoring systems. One of the systems overestimated blood glucose results; the other six systems underestimated blood glucose values (more than the expected variance). The findings of this study support previous reports of altered blood glucose monitoring system performance at high altitude. Diabetes educators can use this information when counseling consumers who reside or who plan to visit locations at high altitude.

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Psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection among diabetes patients

Frontiers of Nursing ◽

10.2478/fon-2020-0015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 87-95

Author(s):

Rian Adi Pamungkas ◽

Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Insulin Injection ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Psychological Problems ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Capillary Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Blood Glucose Testing

AbstractObjectiveThis review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing and insulin injection, as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.MethodsDatabases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched to extract the relevant articles. Initially, the terms used to retrieve related studies were “fear of blood glucose monitoring”, “anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection”, “psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection”, “diabetes management”, and “diabetes mellitus”.ResultsResults showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose. This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection. Inadequate information, inappropriate perception, and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.ConclusionsThe expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection. Moreover, family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear, anxiety, and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.

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Evaluation of Nursing Work Effort and Perceptions About Blood Glucose Testing in Tight Glycemic Control

American Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.370 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 370-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

Daleen Aragon

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Tight Glycemic Control ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Intravenous Insulin ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Testing

• Background Tight glycemic control is important in critically ill patients and involves insulin infusions and monitoring of blood glucose levels. Hourly measurements of blood glucose levels and adjustments of intravenous insulin doses require additional work by nurses. • Objectives To evaluate the nursing work incurred with and nursing perceptions about tight glycemic control and blood glucose monitoring. • Methods A variety of intensive care units were studied. Surveys were used to gain information about nurses’ perceptions. Time-in-motion observations were used to determine the time taken to measure blood glucose levels and adjust insulin doses. • Results Nurses thought that tight glycemic control was important and that the work associated with it was substantial. Nurses thought that easier and automated forms of blood glucose monitoring are needed. They preferred using an arterial catheter to obtain blood samples to avoid excessive finger sticks. The total number of blood glucose measurements was 77 954. The mean time taken for hourly blood glucose monitoring and adjustment of insulin doses was 4.72 minutes. The estimated costs of time spent on glycemic control during a 1-year period were $182 488 for nurses’ salaries and $58 500 for supplies. • Conclusions Although most nurses endorse tight glycemic control, the work associated with it is burdensome and costly. Because up to 2 hours might be required for tight glycemic control for a single patient in a 24-hour period, the costs in time and money are high. Easier clinical methods for monitoring blood glucose levels are needed.

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Clinical evaluation and alternative site blood glucose testing of the EasyPlus mini R2N blood glucose monitoring system

Clinica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.cca.2009.02.011 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 403 (1-2) ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chien-Hua Wei ◽

Ting-Chun Peng ◽

Peng-Yuan Wang ◽

Jui-Jane Lin ◽

Mei-Lin Chuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Clinical Evaluation ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Blood Glucose Testing ◽

Alternative Site

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619-P: Comparison of Dexcom G6 Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Testing in Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db21-619-p ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 619-P

Author(s):

GEORGIA M. DAVIS ◽

ALEXANDRA MIGDAL ◽

MARIA A. URRUTIA ◽

K. WALKIRIA ZAMUDIO-CORONADO ◽

MIREYA C. PEREZ-GUZMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose Testing

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Accuracy and precision assessment of a new blood glucose monitoring system

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2015-0130 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Li-Nong Ji ◽

Li-Xin Guo ◽

Li-Bin Liu

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Glucose Testing ◽

Blood Tests ◽

Accuracy And Precision

AbstractBlood glucose self-monitoring by individuals with diabetes is essential in controlling blood glucose levels. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced new standards for blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) in 2013 (ISO 15197: 2013). The CONTOUR PLUSThis study evaluated the accuracy and precision of CONTOUR PLUS BGMS in quantitative glucose testing of capillary and venous whole blood samples obtained from 363 patients at three different hospitals.Results of fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system were compared with laboratory reference values to determine accuracy. Accuracy was 98.1% (96.06%–99.22%) for fingertip blood tests and 98.1% (96.02%–99.21%) for venous blood tests. Precision was evaluated across a wide range of blood glucose values (5.1–17.2 mmol/L), testing three blood samples repeatedly 15 times with the CONTOUR PLUS blood glucose meter using test strips from three lots. All within-lot results met ISO criteria (i.e., SD<0.42 mmol/L for blood glucose concentration <5.55 mmol/L; CV<7.5% for blood glucose concentration ≥5.55 mmol/L). Between-lot variations were 1.5% for low blood glucose concentration, 2.4% for normal and 3.4% for high.Accuracy of both fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system was >95%, confirming that the system meets ISO 15197: 2013 requirements.

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Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: Results of an Emergent Pilot Study

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/1932296820964264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1065-1073

Author(s):

Archana R. Sadhu ◽

Ivan Alexander Serrano ◽

Jiaqiong Xu ◽

Tariq Nisar ◽

Jessica Lucier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Target Range

Background: Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has emerged as an alternative for inpatient point-of-care blood glucose (POC-BG) monitoring. We performed a feasibility pilot study using CGM in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Single-center, retrospective study of glucose monitoring in critically ill patients with COVID-19 on insulin therapy using Medtronic Guardian Connect and Dexcom G6 CGM systems. Primary outcomes were feasibility and accuracy for trending POC-BG. Secondary outcomes included reliability and nurse acceptance. Sensor glucose (SG) was used for trends between POC-BG with nursing guidance to reduce POC-BG frequency from one to two hours to four hours when the SG was in the target range. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD), Clarke error grids analysis (EGA), and Bland-Altman (B&A) plots were calculated for accuracy of paired SG and POC-BG measurements. Results: CGM devices were placed on 11 patients: Medtronic ( n = 6) and Dexcom G6 ( n = 5). Both systems were feasible and reliable with good nurse acceptance. To determine accuracy, 437 paired SG and POC-BG readings were analyzed. For Medtronic, the MARD was 13.1% with 100% of readings in zones A and B on Clarke EGA. For Dexcom, MARD was 11.1% with 98% of readings in zones A and B. B&A plots had a mean bias of −17.76 mg/dL (Medtronic) and −1.94 mg/dL (Dexcom), with wide 95% limits of agreement. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, CGM is feasible in critically ill patients and has acceptable accuracy to identify trends and guide intermittent blood glucose monitoring with insulin therapy.

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