scholarly journals Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy: Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Leinung ◽  
Jalaja Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Changing Demographics

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Ruminative Thinking in Individuals With Gender Dysphoria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhiordan Cardoso Silva ◽  
Leonardo Romeira Salati ◽  
Anna Paula Villas-Bôas ◽  
Karine Schwarz ◽  
Anna Martha Fontanari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Gender Affirmation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Gender Affirmation Surgery ◽  
Brooding And Reflection

This study aimed to examine psychosocial factors and medical history as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress associated with ruminative thinking in transgender people with gender dysphoria (GD) before undergoing gender affirmation surgery (GAS). This study evaluated 189 participants with GD (111 trans women and 78 trans men) from a specialized service for GAS in southern Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and participants were asked to complete self-report questionnaires. We recovered participants' sociodemographic and psychosocial data (e.g., history of sexual abuse, expulsion from home, and history of drug use) and data regarding their clinical history (e.g., medication, history of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, and HIV status). Further, we implemented the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to examine participants' psychological state, as well as the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) to assess ruminative thinking, which includes brooding and reflection. The predictor variables were those that exhibited a minimum level of significance of p ≤ 0.05 in multivariate linear regression. The ruminative thinking scores for trans women were higher than those of trans men (Brooding p = 0.014; Reflection p = 0.052).In the multivariate model, suicidal ideation, moderate depression, and severe/very severe anxiety were associated with both brooding and reflection. Feminine gender identity and stress symptoms moderated only brooding, while anxiety symptoms moderated only reflection. Our findings show that trans women had the highest ruminative thinking scores, and that depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal ideation were associated with ruminative thinking in total sample. Psychological symptoms should be examined in the context of gender affirmation surgery to minimize the possibility of adverse mental health outcomes. Follow-up studies are required to measure ruminative thinking levels more accurately and to identify its predictors.

scholarly journals Gender dysphoria and sexual euphoria - A Bayesian perspective on the influence of gender-affirming hormone therapy on sexual arousal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Klöbl ◽  
Murray Bruce Reed ◽  
Patricia Handschuh ◽  
Ulrike Kaufmann ◽  
Melisande Elisabeth Konadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Erotic Stimuli ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Subjective Sexual Arousal ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
In Cis

While the concept of sexual orientation is more clearly defined in cisgender, this is less so in transgender individuals. Both experienced gender and sex hormones have a relation to sexual preferences, arousal in response to erotic stimuli, and thus sexual orientation. In transgender individuals sexual orientation occasionally changes before or during transition, which may involve gender-affirming hormone therapy. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated whether the neuronal and behavioral patterns of sexual arousal in transgender individuals moved from the given (before) to their chosen gender after 4.5 months of hormone therapy. To this aim, trans women and men as well as age-matched cisgender controls rated visual stimuli showing heterosexual, lesbian or gay intercourse for subjective sexual arousal. Utilizing a Bayesian framework allowed us to incorporate behavioral findings in cisgender individuals of different sexual orientations. The hypothesized changes in response patterns could indeed be observed in the behavioral responses to the single but not the differentiation between stimulus categories with the strongest results for trans men and lesbian scenes. Activation of the ventral striatum supported our hypothesis only for lesbian scenes in trans women. This prominent role of lesbian stimuli might be explained by their differential responses in cis women and men. We show that correlates of sexual arousal in transgender individuals might change in direction of the chosen gender. Future investigations longer into transition might resolve the discrepancy on behavioral and neuronal levels.

scholarly journals Incident diabetes risk is not increased in transgender individuals using hormone therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan van Velzen ◽  
Chantal Wiepjes ◽  
Nienke Nota ◽  
Daniel van Raalte ◽  
Renée de Mutsert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Data Registry ◽  
Central Registry ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women

Abstract Background In trans women receiving hormone therapy, body fat and insulin resistance increases, with opposite effects in trans men. These metabolic alterations may alter the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in trans women and trans men. We aimed to compare the incidence of type 2 diabetes of adult trans women and trans men during hormone therapy with rates from their birth sex in the general population. Methods Retrospective data from the Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria with transgender individuals on hormone therapy between 1972 and 2018 were linked to a nationwide health data registry. Because no central registry of diabetes is available, the occurrence of diabetes was inferred from the first dispense of a glucose-lowering agent. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were computed for trans women and trans men in comparison with the same birth sex from the general population. Results Compared to their birth sex in the general population, no difference in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed in trans women (N=2585, 90 cases, SIR 0.94 95%CI 0.76–1.14) or trans men (N=1514, 32 cases, SIR 1.40 95%CI 0.96–1.92). Conclusion Despite studies reporting an increase in insulin resistance in feminizing hormone therapy and a decrease in insulin resistance in masculinizing hormone therapy, the incidence of diabetes in transgender individuals after initiation of hormone therapy was not different compared to the general population.

scholarly journals HIV Testing Preferences Among Trans Men and Trans Women: A Retrospective Study of Client Records from 2017 to 2019 in a Community-Based Transgender Health Center in Metro Manila, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zypher Jude Regencia ◽  
Aisia Castelo ◽  
Patrick Eustaquio ◽  
Yanyan Araña ◽  
John Oliver Corciega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Transgender Health ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Trans Women

Abstract Background: Transgender individuals are considered as high-risk for contracting HIV infection. Integrating HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services into current transgender health programs is necessary to increase its uptake. Our study aimed to describe the characteristics of trans men (TM) and trans women (TW) who accessed HTC services in a community-based transgender health center in Metro Manila, Philippines, and to examine the relationship between gender identity and their HIV testing preferences. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of TM and TW seeking care from 2017 to 2019. Medical records of clients were reviewed to ascertain their age, gender identity, year and frequency of clinic visits, lifestyle factors, and HIV testing preferences. The effect of gender identity on HIV testing preferences was estimated using a generalized linear model with Poisson distribution, log link function, and a robust variance, adjusted for confounding variables. Results: Five hundred twenty-five clients were included in the study, of which about four out of five clients declined the HTC services being offered. In addition, the prevalence of non-uptake of HTC services was 48% higher [adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR): 1.48; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.31–1.67] among TM compared to TW. Clients who initially consulted in 2017 had a 25% higher prevalence of refusal for HTC services (aPR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08–1.43) than clients who initially consulted in 2019. Approximately 4% and 11% of the TM and TW, respectively, who accessed the HTC services were reactive and linked to antiretroviral therapy treatment. Conclusion: HTC service uptake of TM and TW is low. HIV program implementers should strategize solutions to reach this vulnerable population for increased and better HTC service uptake and linkage to care.

scholarly journals Physical and Sociodemographic Features Associated With Quality of Life Among Transgender Women and Men Using Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane D. Silva ◽  
Tayane M. Fighera ◽  
Roberta M. Allgayer ◽  
Maria Inês R. Lobato ◽  
Poli Mara Spritzer
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Body Hair ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women

Background: Gender dysphoria is defined as a feeling of distress resulting from the incongruence between the sex assigned at birth and the gender identity, lasting longer than 6 months. In individuals with gender dysphoria, gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) may improve quality of life (QoL).Objectives: We aimed to assess perceived QoL, to compare QoL scores between trans women and men and to identify possible contributing factors related to GAHT in a sample of transgender women and transgender men.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, transgender women and men were recruited by availability sampling from a national transgender health service. Individuals over 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of gender dysphoria receiving medically prescribed GAHT for at least 6 months were consecutively included. Also included were trans men who had undergone mastectomy and trans women who had received breast augmentation surgery. Individuals who had undergone gender affirmation surgery (specifically genital surgery) or with uncontrolled clinical/psychiatric conditions at the time of the initial assessment were excluded. Sociodemographic, physical, and hormone data were collected from all participants. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL. A total of 135 transgender individuals were invited. Seventeen individuals with previous genital surgery (12.6%) and five who refused to participate (3.7%) were excluded. Therefore, 113 patients were enrolled and completed the study (60 trans women and 53 trans men).Results: QoL scores did not differ between trans women and trans men. In trans women, greater breast development and stable relationships, and higher body mass index were associated with higher QoL domain scores. In trans men, higher domain scores were found in individuals in a stable relationship, with increased body hair, engaging in physical activity, and being employed.Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that GAHT-related physical characteristics, such as breast development in trans women and increased body hair in trans men, are similar between groups, are associated with higher QoL scores, and that sociodemographic parameters may impact these associations. Healthcare providers might consider these factors when planning interventions to improve QoL in transgender individuals.

scholarly journals Bigenderism at work? Organizational responses to trans men and trans women employees

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Joel Rudin ◽  
Tejinder Billing ◽  
Andrea Farro ◽  
Yang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Organizational Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Research Implication ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to test bigenderism, a universalistic theory that purports to explain why trans men employees enjoy greater organizational acceptance and superior economic outcomes compared to trans women employees. Design/methodology/approach Respondents were presented with one of two case studies in which they had to choose whether or not to respect the right of a trans employee to use the restroom of their choice at work. The only difference between the two case studies was the gender of the trans employee. In one case, the employee was a trans man and in the other case, the employee was a trans woman. Findings The gender of the trans employee had no impact on the choices of the respondents. Research limitations/implications The chief research implication is that heightened discrimination against trans men may better be explained by situational theories of transphobia rather than the universalistic theory that was tested in this paper. The primary research limitation was the use of American undergraduate business students as respondents. Practical implications Organizations need to be especially vigilant in protecting the restroom rights of their transgender employees, which may entail eliminating gender-segregated restrooms. Originality/value This paper is original in that it uses an experimental design to test the theory of bigenderism. It adds value by encouraging experimental research that examines situational theories of transphobia.

scholarly journals Change in Visceral Fat and Total Body Fat and the Effect on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Transgender Hormone Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maartje Klaver ◽  
Daan van Velzen ◽  
Christel de Blok ◽  
Nienke Nota ◽  
Chantal Wiepjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Introduction Excess visceral fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and is influenced by sex hormones. Our aim was to investigate changes in visceral fat and the ratio of visceral fat to total body fat (VAT/TBF) and their associations with changes in lipids and insulin resistance after 1 year of hormone therapy in trans persons. Methods In 179 trans women and 162 trans men, changes in total body and visceral fat estimated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 1 year of hormone therapy were related to lipids and insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] with linear regression analysis. Results In trans women, total body fat increased by 4.0 kg (95% CI 3.4, 4.7), while the amount of visceral fat did not change (−2 grams; 95% CI −15, 11), albeit with a large range from −318 to 281, resulting in a decrease in the VAT/TBF ratio of 17% (95% CI 15, 19). In trans men, total body fat decreased with 2.8 kg (95% CI 2.2, 3.5), while the amount of visceral fat did not change (3 g; 95% CI −10, 16; range −372, 311), increasing the VAT/TBF ratio by 14% (95% CI 10, 17). In both groups, VAT/TBF was not associated with changes in blood lipids or HOMA-IR. Conclusions Hormone therapy in trans women and trans men resulted in changes in VAT/TBF, mainly due to changes in total body fat and were unrelated to changes in cardiometabolic risk factors, which suggests that any unfavorable cardiometabolic effects of hormone therapy are not mediated by changes in visceral fat or VAT/TBF.

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