Gender Gap in Italy: The Role of College Majors

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Anelli ◽  
Giovanni Peri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
College Majors

scholarly journals Promoting Female Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Gender Gap Beliefs and Perceptions

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110184
Author(s):  
Camelia Ilie ◽  
Abel Monfort ◽  
Gaston Fornes ◽  
Guillermo Cardoza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Spanish Women ◽  
The Impact

Perceptions and institutional frameworks can be barriers or facilitators to the development of female entrepreneurship policies. Institutions rely on factual data on the gender gap to evaluate their policies. However, the literature shows that the research and institutions should also analyze the impact of social beliefs on the success of these policies and initiatives. This study focuses on the impact of these perceptions in promoting female entrepreneurship. Data were collected from 287 responses to a questionnaire from Spanish women and men and were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. The results show that the perception of lack of equality increases the gender gap even if there are specific and effective policies in a society that attempt to eliminate the gender gap in terms of the role of women in the home or positions of power. The main result is that these perceptions ultimately affect women’s entrepreneurial intentions. The results have policy implications for companies and public institutions willing to change the gender narrative about entrepreneurship and design policies and initiatives that help women overcome cultural barriers and effectively promote female entrepreneurship.

To Provide or Protect? Masculinity, Economic Precarity, and Protective Gun Ownership in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199840
Author(s):  
Tara D. Warner ◽  
Tara Leigh Tober ◽  
Tristan Bridges ◽  
David F. Warner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Gun Ownership ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Masculinity Threat ◽  
Economic Well Being

Protection is now the modal motivation for gun ownership, and men continue to outnumber women among gun owners. While research has linked economic precarity (e.g., insecurity and anxiety) to gun ownership and attitudes, separating economic well-being from constructions of masculinity is challenging. In response to blocked economic opportunities, some gun owners prioritize armed protection, symbolically replacing the masculine role of “provider” with one associated with “protection.” Thus, understanding both persistently high rates of gun ownership in the United States (in spite of generally declining crime) alongside the gender gap in gun ownership requires deeper investigations into the meaning of guns in the United States and the role of guns in conceptualizations of American masculinity. We use recently collected crowdsourced survey data to test this provider-to-protector shift, exploring how economic precarity may operate as a cultural-level masculinity threat for some, and may intersect with marital/family status to shape gun attitudes and behaviors for both gun owners and nonowners. Results show that investments in stereotypical masculine ideals, rather than economic precarity, are linked to support for discourses associated with protective gun ownership and empowerment.

Working role of women in a pandemic world: a poetic inquiry

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide de Gennaro ◽  
Francesca Loia ◽  
Gabriella Piscopo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poetic Inquiry ◽  
Women’S Perceptions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people globally, and it has exacerbated the existing gender inequalities that have affected women. The purpose of this study is to understand the perceptions of women concerning gender inequality in the workplace during the current pandemic. The goal is to give women a voice so they can explain their feelings regarding the problems they face in a pandemic world. Design/methodology/approach In this study, four poetic inquiries were developed to investigate how the lives of working women were changed during the pandemic in Italy. Poetic methodology is a creative and aesthetic representation of qualitative research that is capable of reporting data with more fluidity and freedom. Findings The results suggest that the gender gap is increasing and is embodied in a series of relational and economic problems related to remote work, in difficulty in reconciling private and work life and in a series of new telematic violence against women. Practical implications This study offers practical implications for policymakers by suggesting the application of diversity management initiatives to remove barriers to gender equality. Originality/value This study, through a poetic approach, is the first to investigate women's perceptions during the pandemic related to difficulties experienced in the work sphere.

scholarly journals “FATHERING JAPAN” :DISKURSUS ALTERNATIF DALAM HEGEMONI KETIDAKSETARAAN GENDER DI JEPANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Yusy Widarahesty
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Security Problem

The phenomenon of gender gap in Japan has brought many impacts of change in Japan from the declining birth rate and including the emergence of non-profit organizations (NPO) action groups namely "Fathering Japan"(Ikumen) founded by Tatsuya Ando in 2006, which tried to present as a form of resistance ideology from the myth of "Gender Stereotypes" hegemony in Japan.Ando established the NPOto encourage present and future fathers to play a more active role in child-rearing.“The priority of traditional Japanese fathers is work ... they don't know what to do even when they come home early," said Tetsuya Ando. Thus, it is important to study this social and cultural phenomenon to understand the whole structure of Japanese non-traditional security problem that can be seen through the “Fathering Japan” as a new discourse. By using the discourse alternative approach to analyze the role of the social movement of "Fathering Japan" (Ikumen) as the resistance ideology from Japan cultural mythology, the study was conducted by using qualitative methods through the Discourse Analysis by Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe.Keywords: Fathering Japan, discourse, Non Profit Organization, gender gap, JapanAbstrakFenomena kesenjangan gender di Jepang telah membawa banyak dampak perubahan di Jepang dari tingkat kelahiran yang menurun dan termasuk munculnya  Organisasi Non Profit  (NPO) yaitu "Fathering Japan" (Ikumen) yang didirikan oleh Tatsuya Ando pada 2006, yang mencoba menyajikan bentuk ideologi perlawanan dari mitos hegemoni "Gender Stereotypes" di Jepang. Ando mendirikan NPO untuk mendorong ayah hadir di masa depan untuk memainkan peran yang lebih aktif dalam membesarkan anak. "Prioritas ayah tradisional Jepang adalah pekerjaan ... mereka tidak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan bahkan ketika mereka pulang lebih awal," kata Tetsuya Ando.Dengan demikian, penting untuk mempelajari fenomena sosial dan budaya ini untuk memahami keseluruhan struktur masalah keamanan non-tradisional Jepang yang dapat dilihat melalui "Fathering Japan" sebagai diskursus baru. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan diskursus alternatif  untuk menganalisis peran gerakan sosial "Fathering Japan" (Ikumen) sebagai ideologi perlawanan dari mitologi budaya Jepang, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui Analisis Wacana oleh Ernesto dan Chantal Mouffe .Kata kunci: fathering Jepang, diskursus, NPO, ketimpangan gender, Jepang

The Role of Prototype Matching in Science Pursuits: Perceptions of Scientists That Are Inaccurate and Diverge From Self-Perceptions Predict Reduced Interest in a Science Career

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin McPherson ◽  
Bernadette Park ◽  
Tiffany A. Ito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Science Career ◽  
Science Interest ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Prototype Matching ◽  
Perceptions Of Students ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Representative Member

Self-to-prototype matching is a strategy of mental comparisons between the self-concept and the typical or “representative” member of a group to make some judgment. Such a process might contribute to interest in pursuing a science career and, relatedly, women’s underrepresentation in physical science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (pSTEM) fields. Across four studies, we measured self–scientist discrepancies on communal, agentic, and scientific dimensions, and assessed participants’ interest in a science career. The most consistent predictor of science interest was the discrepancy between self and scientist on the scientific dimension (e.g., intelligent, meticulous). Study 4 established that students with larger self–scientist discrepancies also had less accurate perceptions of students pursuing science, and that inaccuracy was related to lower science interest. Thus, students with lower science interest do not just perceive scientists differently from themselves but also erroneously. Discrepancy and inaccuracy together explained a significant portion of the gender gap in pSTEM interest.

Government Employees’ Experience and Expectation of COVID-19 Hardships: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 027507402110492
Author(s):  
JungHo Park ◽  
Yongjin Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
The U.S

This article examines government employees’ experience and expectation of socioeconomic hardships during the COVID-19 pandemic—employment income loss, housing instability, and food insufficiency—by focusing on the role of gender and race. Employing the Household Pulse Survey, a nationally representative and near real-time pandemic data deployed by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that government employees were less affected by the pandemic than non-government employees across socioeconomic hardships. However, female and racial minorities, when investigated within government employees, have a worse experience and expectation of pandemic hardships than men and non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings suggest a clear gender gap and racial disparities in the experience and expectation of pandemic hardships.

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