Russian Meteorological Investigations in China in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Feklova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Scientific Network ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory (RMMO) in Beijing has not been extensively researched. Sources for this information are Russian (the Russian State Historical Archive, Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, Russian National Library) and Chinese (the First Historical Archive of Beijing, the Library of the Shanghai Zikavey Observatory) archives. These archival materials can be scientifically and methodologically analyzed. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Orthodox Mission (ROM) was founded in the territory of Beijing. Existing until 1955, the ROM performed an important role in the development of Russian–Chinese relations. Russian scientists could only work in Beijing through the ROM due to China’s policy of fierce self-isolation. The ROM became the center of Chinese academic studies and the first training school for Russian sinologists. From its very beginning, it was considered not only a church or diplomatic mission but a research center in close cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences. In this context, the RMMO made important weather investigations in China and the Far East in the 19th century. The RMMO, as well as its branch stations in China and Mongolia, part of a scientific network, represented an important link between Europe and Asia and was probably the largest geographical scientific network in the world at that time.

scholarly journals The known unknown land

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Tatiana Yurievna Feklova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
National Library ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article is devoted to the history of Russian hypsometric and geographic investigations of the northern part of China, Mongolia, Manchuria, the Amur and the Ussuri region in the 19th century. The article is based on the analysis of numerous sources from the Russian State Historical Archive, St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, Russian National Library, the Library of the Shanghai Zikawei Observatory. The article’s methodological framework is objectivity concept, systematically of scientific analysis of archival materials. The considerable attention is paid to H. Fritsche’s, Palladius’s, N.M. Przhevalsky’s and other expeditions. The detailed analysis of a new systematic mapping of the northern part of China, made by the Russian scientists is given. The role of the Beijing Magneto-meteorological observatory in Beijing, as the part of the Russian Academy of sciences, is specially noted. The author considers in details the political and socio-economic conditions of expeditions.

scholarly journals Destroyed and Forgotten: Revisiting the History of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing in the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Tatiana Yu. Feklova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is to study the history of formation and development of the unique library of the Beijing Magnetic Meteorological Observatory governed by the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. Nowadays, researchers increasingly focus their attention not just on history of institutes themselves, but also on history of their communications with and incorporation into the scientific institutional community. Studying the library of the Beijing Magnetic Meteorological Observatory (BMMO) and its books provide a better understanding of its place in the network of magnetic meteorological observatories of the 19th century Russian Empire, which has determined the novelty of the work. The author has introduced into scientific use new archival documents and data from the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences and from the Russian National Library. The article analyzes activities and history of the Observatory, which was located on the territory of the Russian Orthodox mission in Beijing (China) from 1848 to 1914. For the first time in Russian and international historiography, not only the formation history of the library of the Beijing Observatory has been analyzed, but also the contents and structure of the library stock and its uniqueness. The author has demonstrated variety of its scientific life. As the library was destroyed in the Yihetuan Movement in 1900 and the 1917 Revolution in Russia, the article covers the second half of the 19th century. Its methodological basis modern basic principles of historical research (scientific objectivity, historicism, consistency, historical-genetic approach, etc.), as well as methods of social history of science (relationship between the science and the state, between the science and other social institutions, etc.). It uses the methods of statistical processing of large databases (the sampling method and the method of grouping and summarizing the materials of statistical observation) to analyze the books in library. The research fills the gaps in scientific knowledge on 19th century China and introduces data on the activities of the Imperial Academy of Sciences institutions (Magnetic Meteorological Observatory as well as its library as auxiliary apparatus). Studying the history of scientific research in China can enrich the scientific ties between two countries and allow us to rethink the historical legacy of Russia and China.

scholarly journals Legal status and development of agriculture of the Greek Community of the Northern Pryasovia (1779–1875): analysis of the record-keeping materials

2018 ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Anna Hedo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
City Council ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Using the analysis of materials of record-keeping stored in Ukrainian and Russian archives, the article describes the legal status and development of the economy of the Greek community of the NorthernPryazovia: reports, directives, notifications of the Azov and Novorossiysk governor-general. The same group includes the documents that arose in the process of operation of the Mariupol Greek court. The elements that constituted the form of these documents in the 18th — 19th centuries are analysed, the purpose of these documents is formulated. Among the local record-keeping, the documents of the Mariupol Greek Court (was created in accordance with the charter of 1779) occupy a significant place due to the wealth of statistical information. The court performed administrative, police and judicial functions. The cases of district (powiat) administration, district and zemsky court, orphan and verbal courts, city council (magistrat), district police and volost administrations were concentrated here. According to the origin and informative possibilities, the materials of the Mariupol Greek Court can be divided into the following groups: 1) incoming court documentation from the higher authorities; 3) notebooks and documents submitted to the court by subordinate institutions (accounts, journals, reports, public sentences, etc.); 4) documents submitted to the institution by private individuals (reports, complaints, IOUs); 2) accounting court documentation; 5) papers sent to private individuals by court (notifications, directives), etc. The record-keeping materials of the central institutions allow us to reproduce the following questions on the history of the Greeks of the North Pryazovia: the assignment of land (F. 379 and 383 of the Russian State Historical Archive), the liquidation of the Mariupol Greek Court of the Order of the Mariupol Greeks after the reforms of the 60s and 70s of the 19th century. (f. 1286, 1287, 1291, 1405 of the Russian State Historical Archive).

scholarly journals Documents on Freemasonry from the Archive of Archimandrite Photius (Spassky)

2020 ◽  
pp. 676-691
Author(s):  
Yuri E. Kondakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inner Circle ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article introduces into scientific use an analytical note on Freemasonry addressed to Alexander I. In Europe in the 18th – 19th centuries, there was extensive anti-Masonic literature. In Russia, such works were rare. Reputedly, the greatest Russian extirpator of Freemasonry was Archimandrite Photius (Spassky). The ban of Masonic lodges in 1822 is attributed to his influence on Alexander I. Photius was one of the leaders of the social movement of the Russian Orthodox opposition. Among other objects of its criticism were the Masonic lodges. However, a consolidated anti-Masonic action failed to materialize. Now it has been made possible to explain the opposition’s restraint in its attitude to Freemasonry. Four volumes of documents belonging to archimandrite Photius have been found in the Russian State Historical Archive. These are the materials from 1817-1832. The collection includes personal documents of Photius, messages and letters of Metropolitan Seraphim (Glagolevsky), A.A. Arakcheev, A.S. Shishkov, Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov). Many of these documents were handed over to Emperor Alexander I and influenced his change of heart in the politics. An anonymous note on Freemasonry from the Photius collection is included in the article in its entirety as a rare example of an anti-Masonic message to the Emperor. The note gives a retrospective of the Masonic movement in Russia. It describes what influence the masons of the 18th century had on Freemasonry of the 19th century. Most mentioned Masonic leaders belonged to the “Rosicrucian” system of Freemasonry (Order of the Golden and Pink Cross). The author of the note assured the emperor that there were Rosicrucians in his inner circle. He named Senator I.V. Lopukhin, publisher and translator A.F. Labzin, R.A. Koshelev, and the tsar’s friend, Minister A.N. Golitsyn. Photius’s documents show that criticism of Freemasonry was not the focus of the Russian Orthodox opposition activities. Among the opposition there were people who shared the idea of a worldwide Masonic conspiracy: S.I. Smirnov, M.L. Magnitsky. In Archimandrite In the Photius’s documents references to Freemasonry are very rare. At the time of the opposition’s action in 1824, the issue of Freemasonry was no longer relevant, since Freemasonry was subjected to a government ban in 1822.

«Russia, Russia! Keep Yourself, Keep it!..» Book review: Essays on the History of Russian Custodians (‘Khranitel’stvo’

2021 ◽  
pp. 367-370
Author(s):  
Boris Yu. Aleksandrov ◽  
Olga Ye. Puchnina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Phenomenon ◽  
The 19Th Century

The ideas of conservative modernization of Russian society are currently very relevant. However, the concept of «conservatism» in modern discourse is very ambiguous, and most importantly, not fully relevant to the complex of domestic socio-political and religious-philosophical ideas that have developed since the existence of the Old Russian state. A much more precise definition in this regard is the concept of “Khranitel’stvo”, which organically developed in the Russian tradition almost until the end of the 19th century and which is a unique and original phenomenon of the intellectual culture of Russia. On the basis of large historical and theoretical material, the authors of the monograph study the ideological origins, essence and evolution of «Khranitel’stvo» as a specific socio-political direction of Russian thought.

scholarly journals The dramatization of the Holy Week in Švėkšna church in the first half of the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Giniūnienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Art ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article for the first time analyses the decoration parts of the Christ’s tomb of the second halfof the 18th century found a few years ago in Švėkšna church. The Christ’s tomb from the oldchurch was transferred to the  new church, which was built in 1804 and used until the  4thdecade of the 19th century. On the basis of the sources and remained fragments we can statethat this was a complicated structure of the Paschal decoration designed under the Europeanbaroque scenery principles. It was composed of the paintings on boards and canvas and mis-cellaneous accessories. The  Christ’s tomb paintings are characterised by a  symbolic allegoriccontent and artistry. The prophets of the Old Testament and characters the New Testamentreflecting the Paschal Triduum liturgy were depicted in the decoration. The survived outlinepaintings of Adam and Eve in Paradise, Noah waiting for the Saviour, and Angels Lamentingover the Death of Jesus are the exceptional iconography images in the Lithuanian church art.The decorations of the Christ’s tomb were created by the professional masters who decoratedthe churches in Samogitia in the second part of the 18th century. The images of suffering anddead Jesus used in the figuration of the Paschal Triduum influenced the spread of the Passionscenes. This is supported by an interesting archival fact about the shrine with a group of sculp-tures depicting the tomb of Christ in the Švėkšna churchyard.The fragments of the Paschal decorations in the Švėkšna church are important baroque scen-ery exhibits, which are valuable for the history of the Lithuanian church art and scenography.The investigation of the Holy Week figuration in the Švėkšna church is a valuable illustrationof this multidimensional cultural, religious and artistic phenomenon.

scholarly journals Considerations to some forms of the verb a fi: sum and sunt

Diacronia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Chivu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the verbal forms sum and sunt, introduced into the literary writing by the Transylvanian Latinist School, reveals a winding process in the elaboration of certain cultured norms proper to the modern literary Romanian. Not at all linear, this process was concurrently influenced by two, often divergent, tendencies that were active from the end of the 18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century: the use of some cultured forms, borrowed from Latin or created according to Latin patterns; and the revitalization of certain linguistic forms with regional diffusion. Initially proposed as literary pronunciations, the two verbal forms were soon adopted and used as etymological graphic forms that corresponded to sîm and suntu from certain conservative patois. During the second half of the 19th century (sum), and during the first decades of the 20th century (sunt), the two graphic forms became orthoepic norms as well, due to the phonological tradition of the Romanian writing.

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-127
Author(s):  
Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics Part II. Cholera nineteenth

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
O.E. Fedorenko ◽  
К.V. Коlyadenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

An epidemic of any infectious disease is an invisible ruthless enemy that cannot be defeated by military, political, economic or ideological means. Humanity always reacts to such threats quite nervously and subconsciously tries to mythologize them, at least a little, in order to somehow psychologically protect itself from the real fear of imminent death. Since there is no rational defense against such a threat, people for the most part react in an irrational manner.The 19th century, almost the same as the previous centuries, «started» in epidemiological terms almost from the very beginning of its calendar. Only in contrast to the previous 18th century, the main and dominant danger was posed by another infectious pathology — cholera.In the history of medicine, over the 19th century, as many as six outbreaks of cholera epidemics were recorded since 1817. The first of them began in East Bengal and lasted 8 years (1817—1824), gradually, covering almost all India and big regions of the Middle East. It was worsened by the traditional travels of both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims to «holy places» who spread Vibrio cholerae on foot and through active communication with local residents.One of the significant reasons why cholera epidemic continued with minimal interruptions for almost the entire nineteenth century was an insufficient level of scientific knowledge in microbiology and the resulting ignorance of the causative agent of cholera — vibrio and its properties.Another factor was a complete lack of understanding by society of the need to observe at least the simplest sanitary standards in everyday life. And there was also misunderstanding among the leadership which tried to limit the next outbreak of cholera mainly by administrative measures without adequate explanations of their essence and necessity to the population.

Scientific novelties implemented into teaching mathematics in secondary schools on the Polish territories in the 19th century. The case of descriptive geometry

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Karolina Karpińska
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Education History ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is dedicated to discussing the implementation of the descriptive geometry, i.e. the scientific novelty from the end of the 18th century, in secondary school education on the Polish territories in the 19th century. At that time, Polish lands were under the occupation of three empires: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Over the time, the policy of the partition empires toward the Poles was changing in intensity. As a consequence, in the 19th century, there were schools on the Polish territories with Polish, Prussian, Austrian and Russian curricula and relevant lecture languages. The article analyses the implementation of descriptive geometry into teaching mathematics in schools located in all three partitions. Keywords: descriptive geometry, history of mathematics education, history of mathematics

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