The Horn of Africa: Regional Politics and Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Clapham
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
Separate Identity ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
External Intervention

The peculiar politics of the Horn of Africa derives from the region’s exceptional pattern of state formation. At its center, Ethiopia was Africa’s sole indigenous state to remain independent through the period of colonial conquest, and also imposed its rule on areas not historically subject to it. The Somalis, most numerous of the pastoralist peoples, were unique in rejecting the colonial partition, which divided them between British and Italian Somalilands, French Djibouti, Kenya, and Ethiopia, while formerly Italian Eritrea, incorporated into Ethiopia in the post-World War II settlement, retained a sense of separate identity that fueled a long struggle for independence. These differences, coupled with the 1974 revolution in Ethiopia, led to wars that culminated in 1991 in the independence of Eritrea, the collapse of the Somali state, and the creation in Ethiopia of a federal system based on ethnicity. Developments since that time provide a distinctive slant on the legacies of colonial rule, the impact of guerrilla warfare, the role of religion in a region divided between Christianity and Islam, the management of ethnicity, and external intervention geared to largely futile attempts at state reconstruction. The Horn continues to follow trajectories of its own, at variance from the rest of Africa.

scholarly journals The Syrkus couple and the global cause of modernism

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-508
Author(s):  
Martin Kohlrausch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
New Nation ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the role of modernist architects in Poland during the first half of the twentieth century. The article argues that against the background of economic catching-up processes and the establishment of a new nation state and capital, modernist architects could enter into a close relationship with the modernising state. This relationship could partially survive World War II, albeit under different auspices. By employing the example of Poland’s foremost modernist architect Szymon Syrkus and his wife Helena, and their extensive correspondence with other Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne architects, the article discusses, moreover, the impact of the deep breaks coming with the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1930s, the coming World War and the Holocaust, and finally the establishment of communist regimes on modernist architects.

The Impact of Military Service in World War I on Africans: the Nandi of Kenya

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J. Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Popular Films ◽  
The Impact

It is widely believed that old soldiers are a problem. At least since the beginning of this century, western governments have been concerned with the issue of ‘helping’ veterans to readjust to civilian life upon their return from campaigning. It is assumed that these men would, if left to their own devices, find it difficult or impossible to ‘pick up from where they had left off’, and might, therefore, become a subversive element in the general population. Hence, one of the largest bureaucracies in the United States is the Veterans Administration which is charged with fitting ex-soldiers back into society. To a certain extent the concerns over whether they would be satisfied after their demobilisation have proved to be justified. The dislocations experienced by returned American servicemen after World War II were illustrated by popular films like ‘The Best Years of Our Lives’. More recently, the American press paid considerable attention to the rôle of the black veterans of Vietnam in the violence which destroyed much of Newark, Detroit, and Watts in the late 1960s.

scholarly journals Comparison of Japanese and British Monarchy after World War II

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. p22
Author(s):  
Wang Chutong
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Symbol ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

Both Britain and Japan have made reservations and continuations to the monarchy in the process of historical development, and their political systems are constitutional monarchy. The royal family of both countries has a very long history. With the historical development and social change, the monarch has become a spiritual and cultural symbol. The “sanctification” of the monarch and the strong “plot of the monarch” have been deeply rooted in social culture. From the perspective of historical development and social and cultural influence, although there are similarities between the royals of the two countries, their roles in political, economic and social stability are different from the ways in which they are exerted. Through the comparison between Britain and Japanese monarchy in the above three aspects, this paper analyzes the difference between the two countries monarchy in the size of the role, the way to implement the role and the impact, and finally compares and summarizes the role of the two countries monarchy.

scholarly journals Female artists in the context of Viennese Art Nouveau

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
Darya Nikolaevna Belova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Jewish Descent ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
The Impact

This article analyzes the activity of female artists and the problems of their relationships in the society during the period of Viennese Art Nouveau of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The subject of this research is the works of female artists of the Vienna Secession and the materials of the Belvedere art exhibitions. It is noted that the problem of gender relationship during the period of Viennese Art Nouveau was given considerable attention; the cultural and artistic creativity were viewed from the perspective of the impact of this problem upon the mentality and minds of the society. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the heightened interest in studying the specificity of the phenomenon of Viennese Art Nouveau and the role of woman in its formation. The novelty of this research lies in the attempt to determine the specificity of the impact of female beginning upon the culture of Viennese Art Nouveau, both as an artistic image that is the centerpiece, and in the image of female artists who supported its development. The conclusion is made that despite the shift in worldview orientations and artistic paradigms fin-de-siècle, the problem of gender relationship and apparent competition between female and artists for their position remained strongly pronounced. The author determines the considerable impact of female artists (many of whom were of Jewish descent immigrated or deceased during the World War II) upon comprehension of the phenomenon of Viennese Art Nouveau.

Comparative Law in Legal Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 319-344
Author(s):  
Nora V. Demleitner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Present Role

This chapter discusses comparative law within the framework of legal education in North America and Europe. It first considers some of the key debates surrounding the teaching of comparative law before providing a historical overview of major developments on both sides of the Atlantic since the nineteenth century. It then examines the post-World War II resurgence of comparative law in US legal education and the ascent of comparative law teaching in Europe, as well as the place of comparative law in legal education today. It also analyzes the present role of comparative law teaching in the European Union, the impact of international and transnational law on comparative legal education in the United States, and comparative law in Australia and Canada. The chapter concludes with a review of some of the current challenges to comparative law as a subject of teaching and scholarship and how comparative law fits into legal education more generally.

scholarly journals News from the Levant: A Qualitative Research on the Role of Social Media in Syrian Diaspora

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630511990033
Author(s):  
Andrea Miconi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Media ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Blind Spots

The Syrian emergency, with around 6.7 million people leaving the country, is considered the biggest refugee crisis since the end of World War II. The impact of social media on both the representation of the crisis and immigrants’ behavior has been already analyzed in several works. In this context, the article contains the results of qualitative research on the use of social media by Syrian immigrants and refugees after the civil war and in the diaspora. By mainly focusing on young users, we completed 44 in-depth interviews: 22 in-person interviews in Jordan; 13 in-person interviews in Lebanon; and 9 interviews with immigrant and refugees in Turkey via Skype (for logistical reasons). The article is dedicated to three different uses of social media: collecting news regarding the war in Syria; rediscovering lost ties after the diaspora; and finally, the so-called resettlement or the organization of a new life in host countries. As to the findings, immigrants have been shown to use social media for all purposes, but to a very different degree. In addition, and more interestingly, the results revealed some blind spots of digital sociability, such as the lack of credible sources and the Balkanization brought about by the so-called Web 2.0.

Charles Malik and the Origins of a Christian Critique of Orientalism in Lebanon and Britain

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 350-365
Author(s):  
Todd M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Academic Study

The field of Oriental studies was the main context in which amateur and professional scholars developed the academic study of Islam before World War II. The role of religion in the rise of this discipline is now widely acknowledged, but the role of religion, particularly Christianity, in the critique and transformation of Orientalism after World War II has never been explored. Given the prevalence of Christian scholars in Islamic studies after 1945, why has this been the case?

scholarly journals The Impact on Community Governance from Actual Conditions of Urban "Kominkan" (Japanese public learning centres) Reorganization

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Tomoko Sato
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
World War ◽  
Integrated Education ◽  
Community Governance ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

A Kominkan is a type of learning centre in Japan that conducts activities related to culture and education and thus plays an important role in communities. Kominkans came about following World War II and although the idea was a government-sponsored project, many were also voluntarily built by citizens in response to the government's call. As such, academia has long questioned who is responsible for the operations of Kominkan. With college enrollment rates having increased since World War II, many have questioned why Kominikans are necessary nowadays. Associate Professor Tomoko Sato at Tohoku University's Center for Learning Support, Japan, is investigating the role of Kominkans and the kind needed in the 21st century. Sato looks at how community governance is determined, with a focus on the two main forms: top-down and bottom-up. She believes that Kominikans are more than adult versions of schools and are actually hubs of social learning and integrated education. Ultimately, Sato's goal is to enable every individual to be afforded the same opportunities and environments through education. She hopes her research findings will impact on government policy and social learning practices.

Reconciling National Narratives in Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Baščaršija Project, 1948-1953

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dijana Alić ◽  
Maryam Gusheh
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
World War ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Religion And Ethnicity ◽  
Role Of Religion

The emergence of modernism in post-World War II Bosnia was simultaneous with the development of the Yugoslav socialist regime and the desire to redefine the role of religion and ethnicity in the construction of a new national identity. The debate as to the relevance of the Serbian, Croatian, and Muslim national narratives to the broader universalist and secular Yugoslav agenda brought into question the cultural significance of the Bosnian built heritage. How was the existing built fabric to inform the architecture of the revolution? In this context, the work of Juraj Neidhardt, a former employee of Le Corbusier's, is significant since his seminal text, Architecture of Bosnia and the Way Toward Modernity (1957), articulates a critical link between the existing built fabric and "modern socialist" architecture. In discussing his work within the broader political context of socialist Bosnia, this paper focuses on an architectural and textual analysis of Neidhardt's proposal to turn Baščaršija, the Ottoman-established urban core of Sarajevo, into a cultural center for socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is argued that the specific urban and architectural strategies Neidhardt employed were reflective of his desire to secularize the Ottoman built fabric and thereby allow a distinctly Bosnian narrative to coexist and contribute to the architecture of the socialist regime.

scholarly journals Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women's Labor Supply

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin ◽  
Claudia Olivetti
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Women’S Labor Supply

The most prominent feature of the female labor force across the past hundred years is its enormous growth. But many believe that the increase was discontinuous. Our purpose is to identify the short- and long-run impacts of WWII on the labor supply of women who were currently married in 1950 and 1960. Using WWII mobilization rates by state, we find a wartime impact on weeks worked and the labor force participation of married white (non-farm) women in both 1950 and 1960. The impact, moreover, was experienced almost entirely by women in the top half of the education distribution.

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