Qubilai’s Maritime Mongols

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Buell ◽  
Francesca Fiaschetti
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
The South ◽  
Face To Face

The Mongols, creators of the largest continuous land empire in history, who initiated an unprecedented era of international exchange, are mostly known for their land conquests and contacts, but, they also actively participated in maritime and land trade. The key event in this development was a Mongol commercialization ongoing with the Mongol conquest of key coastal areas in China and Iran that brought them face to face with the trading world of the South Seas and Indian Ocean. There was a military aspect of this, starting in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Java, and there was the diplomatic and informal initiatives of Qubilai-qan to expand Mongol influence over the seas as far as the Red Sea and Africa, in ways not achievable with military means alone. A thesis is that the Mongols in China ended by creating, with the help of the Mongols in Iran, a first maritime age, paralleling those established by the Portuguese and others that came later.

Arabic as a Language of the South Asian Chancery: Bahmani Communications to the Mamluk Sultanate

Arabica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Meia Walravens
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract A growing body of literature on trade and cultural exchange between the Indian Ocean regions has already contributed significantly to our understanding of these processes and the role of language and writing within them. Yet, the question remains how Arabic correspondence played a part in communications between South Asian powers and the rulers in the Red Sea region. In order to begin filling this lacuna, this article studies epistolary writings from the Bahmani Sultanate (748/1347-934/1528) to the Mamluk Sultanate (648/1250-922/1517) during the second half of the ninth/fifteenth century. The contextualisation and discussion of three letters render insight both into the (up to now unstudied) issues at play in Bahmani-Mamluk relations and into the nature of these Arabic texts.

Transregional Trade and Traders

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Safe Harbours

Blessed with numerous safe harbours, accessible ports, and a rich hinterland, Gujarat has been central to the history of Indian Ocean maritime exchange that involved not only goods, but also people and ideas. This volume maps the trajectory of the extra-continental interactions of Gujarat and how it shaped the history of Indian Ocean. Chronologically, the volume spans two millennia, and geographically, it ranges from the Red Sea to Southeast Asia. The book focuses on specific groups of Gujarati traders, their accessibility and trading activities with maritime merchants from Africa, Arabia, Southeast Asia, China, and Europe. It not only analyses the complex process of commodity circulation, involving a host of players, huge investments, and numerous commercial operations, but also engages with questions of migration and diaspora. Paying close attention to current historiographical debates, the contributors make serious efforts to challenge the neat regional boundaries that are often drawn around the trading history of Gujarat.

Distribution of Banda Intermediate water in the Indian Ocean

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Westward Movement ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

Banda Intermediate water has been identified as a salinity minimum (salinity 34.58-34.70‰) on the 27.40 σt surface, separated from Antarctic Intermediate to the south by an oxygen minimum of Red Sea origin. Banda water of these characteristics has been found as far west as Madagascar within a 0-20�S. zone of the Indian Ocean. Along110�E. Banda water was in maximum concentration at about 10� s. in August- December 1962. At this latitude and time of the year relatively strong (7-11 cm per sec) geostrophic currents to the west were found. Between January and July 1964 little or no net westward movement along 110� E, occurred. A strong (22 cm per sec) easterly flow of Red Sea water south of the Chagos Is, seems to retard the westward movement of Banda water and to divert its flow to the south.

From Istanbul with Love

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Santos Alves
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean

The political and diplomatic contacts established over the course of the 1560s are one of the most important chronological and symbolic landmarks of relations between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Ottoman Empire. Recently discovered documents from several European archives have revealed new protagonists, facts, and political, diplomatic and economic articulations encompassing the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, with important ramifications for Southeast Asia. This chapter focuses, above all, on the activities of the espionage and counter-espionage networks, based in Istanbul, but scattered across various Mediterranean ports. These networks were headed by eminent figures from the Jewish and Portuguese New Christian financial and commercial circles, who were close to Süleyman I as well as his successor Selim II. The intelligence produced by these networks during the 1560s is mainly focused on the spice routes from Southeast Asia (particularly Aceh) through the Maldives to the Red Sea.

THE SUNDA MEGATHRUST — PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERRY SIEH
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Great Earthquake ◽  
The South ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
Large Earthquakes

After lying dormant for about a thousand years, sudden slippage of a 1600-km long section of the Sunda megathrust fault caused uplift of the seafloor between Aceh and Myanmar, resulting in a great earthquake and the horrific Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. Three months later and just to the south, sudden slippage of a 350-km length of the megathrust beneath Simeulue and Nias islands caused another destructive great earthquake and lesser tsunami. Because it takes centuries for tectonic strains to build up again after such big earthquakes, these two events are unlikely to recur within the next hundred years. Farther south, however, offshore West Sumatra and Bengkulu provinces, another great earthquake and tsunami will likely occur within the next few decades. We are trying to characterize that future earthquake and tsunami, to encourage and to focus preparations for and mitigation of the coming disaster. Similar efforts need to be initiated throughout much of south and southeast Asia, if the disastrous effects of future large earthquakes and tsunamis are to be mitigated.

The Sudanic Languages

1920 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
N. W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Under the name of Sudanic or Negro languages are comprehended, according to the generally received terminology, the African tongues which stretch in a broad band across the continent from Cape Verd to the Great Lakes; further north they reach nearly to the Red Sea in isolated instances, and in the south to the confines of the Indian Ocean in the shape of linguistic islets whose affinities are only with difficulty recognizable. To the south of the area stretches the Bantu territory, interspersed with pigmy and Bushmen elements, of whom the latter alone have well-marked forms of speech, while the former appear to speak the tongues of Bantu neighbours, or of Sudanic tribes, who must have been their neighbours at an earlier period but have now been swallowed up in the Bantu flood. South-west of the Bantu we have the Nama languages, often classified as Hamitic.

XL. Some observations upon Myrrh, made in Abyssinia, in the year 1771, and sent to William Hunter, M.D. with specimens, in February, 1775

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 408-417
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Made In ◽  
North Latitude ◽  
William Hunter

The ancients, and particularly DIOSCORIDES, have spoken of myrrh in such a manner, as to leave us no alternative, but to suppose either that they have described a drug which they had never seen; or, that the drug seen and described by them is absolutely unknown to modern naturalists and physicians. The Arabs, however, who form the link of the chain between the Greek physicians and ours, in whose country the myrrh was produced, and whose language gave it its name, have left us undeniable evidence, that what we know by the name of myrrh, is in nothing different from the myrrh of the ancients, growing in the same countries from which it was brought formerly to Greece; that is, from the East coast of Arabia Felix, bordering on the Indian Ocean, and that low land in Abyssinia on the South-east of the Red-sea, included nearly between the 12th and 13th degree of North latitude, and limited on the West by a meridian passing through the island Massowa; and on the East by another, passing through Cap Guardfoy, without the straits of Bab el Mandel.

scholarly journals Differential Influences of Teleconnections from the Indian and Pacific Oceans on Rainfall Variability in Southeast Asia

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Abdul Azim Amirudin ◽  
Ester Salimun ◽  
Fredolin Tangang ◽  
Liew Juneng ◽  
Muhamad Zuhairi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
June July August ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
June July

This study investigates the individual and combined impacts of El Niño and the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the Southeast Asia (SEA) rainfall variability. Using composite and partial correlation techniques, it is shown that both inter-annual events have individually distinct impacts on the SEA rainfall anomaly distribution. The results showed that the impacts of the co-occurrence of El Niño and IOD events are significant compared to the individual effects of pure El Niño or pure IOD. During June-July-August and September-October-November, the individual impacts of the pure El Niño and IOD events are similar but less significant. Both events caused negative impacts over the southern part of SEA during June-July-August (JJA) and propagated northeastward/eastward during September-October-November (SON). Thus, there are significant negative impacts over the southern part of SEA during the co-occurrence of both events. The differential impacts on the anomalous rainfall patterns are due to the changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) surrounding the region. Additionally, the differences are also related to the anomalous regional atmospheric circulations that interact with the regional SST. The anomalous Walker circulation that connects the Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean also plays a significant role in determining the regional anomalous rainfall patterns.

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