The Ottomans in Northeast Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Northeast Africa ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sea Coast

In the mid-16th century, the Ottoman empire expanded to encompass parts of the modern Sudan, Eritrea, and the Ethiopian borderlands, forming the Ottoman province of Habeş. The Ottomans also provided aid to their ally Ahmad Grañ in his jihad against Ethiopia and fought with the Funj sultanate of Sinnar for control of the Nile valley, where Ottoman territories briefly extended south as far as the Third Cataract. After 1579, Ottoman control was limited to the Red Sea coast, in particular the ports of Massawa and Suakin, which remained loosely under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when they were transferred to Egypt, nominally an Ottoman vassal but effectively independent. Politically, Ottoman influence was felt much more broadly in northeast Africa in places as distant as Mogadishu, at least nominally recognized Ottoman suzerainty.

scholarly journals Back to Mahal Teglinos: New Pharaonic Evidence from Eastern Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Andrea Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Eastern Sudan ◽  
The Way

This article provides a general overview of the archaeological finds which suggest that Eastern Sudan was in contact with Egypt in the second half of the third and into the second millennium BC. The finds and their contexts are discussed, along with their chronology, typology and distribution in order to understand if they arrived in Eastern Sudan via Upper Nubia, the Red Sea coast, or even through the Eastern Desert. Moreover, the discussion highlights how these finds are providing support to the hypothesis that Eastern Sudan may have been a part of Punt. Finally, the contribution of these finds to our understanding of the economic and cultural exchanges between Egypt and inner Africa is discussed. This review also addresses the definition of the Egyptian commodities exchanged for those of inner Africa and the reconstruction of the way contacts between the involved groups took place.

The Authorship of the Adulis throne text

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. L. Bebston
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
As If

Early in the sixth century A.D. the Greek author known generally as Cosmas Indicopleustes records in his ‘Christian Topography’ that he visited Adulis on the western Red Sea coast and there saw two Greek inscriptions, one on a marble throne and one on a stela standing behind it. The monuments have long ago disappeared, but we have the texts as copied by Cosmas. The stela belongs to Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 B.C.), but the throne text begins in mediis rebus without name of author, and is introduced by Cosmas with the slightly mysterious words ‘Then, as if sequentially, there is further written on the throne as follows’. Whatever he may have meant by this, it is certain, as modern scholars recognize, that the throne text is not part of the stela one: the former is drafted in the first person, the latter in the third; and the throne text was drafted ‘in the 27th year of my reign’, whereas Ptolemy HI died at the beginning of his twenty-sixth regnal year. This leaves the field open to speculations about the authorship and date of the throne text.

scholarly journals Schools and educational centers for American Missionary and their effects on the educational situation in the Ottoman Kurdistan in the nineteenth century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-287
Author(s):  
Saman Hussien Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Professional Schools ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Educational Situation ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

After American missionaries arrived to the regions of Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th century and when they started their activities, the Kurds as one of the nations who were living within the Ottoman Empire, attracted the attention of missionaries. Therefore they opened their office in the Kurdish cities and started their activities. As it has been known that most of the activities of American missionaries were intellectual and educational activities, as a result they opened many schools, professional schools and even they established universities in some cities of Kurdistan, many girls and boys studied in these schools. This study is about (American Missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdish cities in Ottoman Empire in 19th century). This study attempts to illustrate the impact of these schools that were established by American Missionaries and how they were operated. This paper is divided into three parts. First part is about the appearance of American missionaries’ activities in the region of Kurdistan. In this part we will try to briefly describe how they came to Kurdish regions and how they worked and what were their activities. The second part is about the American missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdistan. It endeavours to show the educational activities of American missionaries in Kurdistan regions, and then it will illustrate the importance of these educational centres in Kurdistan regions. The third part is about the effect of American missionaries’ educational centres on the situation of education in Kurdistan. It will evaluate the impact of these educational centres on the education in Kurdistan and on the situation of education in Kurdistan.

scholarly journals Micropaleontological studies on the Thebes Formation of the Red Sea Coast and the Nile Valley, Egypt

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Aref ◽  
Abbas I. Kenawy
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Larger Foraminifera ◽  
Lower Eocene ◽  
Evolutionary Lineage ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Thirty-eight species of larger foraminifera belonging to Nummulites, Operculina and Assilina are recorded, identified and systematically described from 5 stratigraphic sections of the Thebes Formation in the Red Sea Coast and the Nile Valley, Egypt.According to these species the age assigned to the Thebes Formation is Lower Eocene (Ypresian).The Nummulites species are subdivided here into 6 groups based on their evolutionary lineage following Schaub (1981). Moreover, spiral diagrams for the different species showing the relation between the number of whorls and the corresponding radius in median sections are drawn.

Berenike Project. Hellenistic fort, Roman harbor, late Roman temple, and other fieldwork: archaeological work in the 2012 and 2013 seasons

2016 ◽  
Vol XXIV (1) ◽  
pp. 297-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Sidebotham ◽  
Iwona Zych ◽  
Joanna K. Rądkowska ◽  
Marek Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Late Roman

Brief overview of two seasons of archaeological survey and excavation carried out in 2012 and 2013 at the site of Berenike on the Red Sea coast and in two sub-projects in the Eastern Desert: the prehistoric cattle cemetery at Wadi Khashab and the Roman-era emerald mines at Sikait and Nugrus. Highpoints of the work at Berenike included discovery of the Hellenistic fort and fortifications that mark the original settlement of the site in the third quarter of the 3rd century BC, continued clearance of harbor-related structures in the southwestern bay interpreted as the early Roman harbor of Berenike and the uncovering of an earlier phase of the late Roman harbor temple (so-called Lotus Temple) of the 5th–6th century AD in the harbor.

IMMIGRATION, RETURN, AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP: RUSSIAN MUSLIMS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1860–1914

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 32a-32a
Author(s):  
James H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
Muslim Immigrants ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based upon research undertaken in Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, and the Crimea, this article consists of three principal and interconnected fields of inquiry. The first focuses upon changing Russian and Ottoman policies toward the immigration of Russian Muslims to the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The second examines questions that complicate the historiographical narrative surrounding this immigration, including issues such as Muslim return immigration to Russia and the retention of Russian citizenship by Muslim immigrants in the Ottoman Empire. The third examines the increasingly contested nature of citizenship and its role in the relations between Russian Muslims and the Russian and Ottoman bureaucracies. This section investigates battles between Ottoman and Russian bureaucrats who assert authority over Muslims of ambiguous citizenship status and the strategies deployed by Russian Muslims to take advantage of this ambiguity in their dealings with the bureaucracies of both empires.

The Ottoman Empire and the Indian Ocean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Western Half

With its conquest of the Arab lands in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire (1300–1923) came to control some of the major entrepots of the Indian Ocean trade in the west. This expansion, however, also brought the Ottomans into confrontation with the Portuguese, who were seeking to establish a monopoly of the lucrative spice trade. In the first half of the 16th century, Ottoman involvement was limited to the western half of the Indian Ocean, but in the later 16th century, the Southeast Asian sultanate of Aceh forged an alliance with the Ottomans, which, if short-lived in practice, was to attain considerable symbolic importance in later times. Ottoman involvement in the Indian Ocean resumed in the 19th century, again as a reaction to European colonial activities. In the meantime, both commercial and religious links, in particular the hajj, meant that the Ottomans had a prominent role in the Indian Ocean despite only controlling limited littoral territories.

Roads of Arabia: New finds of Aqaba amphorae in the Red Sea from a newly discovered wreck site at Jeddah/Eliza shoals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Brandmeier
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sea Coast

This paper concerns a probable shipwreck cargo of Aqaba amphorae, which was discovered during the second season of the survey project along the Saudi Arabian coast, initiated by nautical archaeologists of Philipps-University Marburg and conducted in cooperation with members of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Heritage in autumn 2013. Seafaring and sea trade was, according to the few ancient sources and modern research activities, a hazardous endeavor in antiquity. Transport containers like the Aqaba Amphorae played a major role in sea trade, a significant number of which have been detected on various sites along the Red Sea coast and its hinterland. The chronological classification as well as the application is far from complete, and recent archaeometrical investigations help to clarify the logistical aspects of manufacturing and distribution of Aqaba amphorae. Finding a number of remains of Aqaba amphorae at a supposed shipwreck site close to Jeddah delivers new insight into the maritime routes and activities along the western coast of Saudi Arabia. The documentary material currently available is the baseline for further research in the field of maritime archaeology as it pertains to trade in the Red Sea.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

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