Western Christendom, c. 1000–1400

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Thibodeau
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Real Presence ◽  
Liturgical Drama ◽  
New Churches ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Investiture Controversy

The liturgy of Western Christendom (c. 1000–1400) was the product of sweeping ecclesio-political and religious reforms that had a broad and lasting impact on the content and performance of the rites of the Latin Church in the later Middle Ages. Beginning with the reforms of monasticism at Cluny and culminating in the reformed papacy in the age of the Investiture Controversy, a sharp division between the clerical order and the laity was imposed on Christian society. This fostered a heightened sense of divine mystery in the liturgical rites (principally, the Mass) that could only be administered by properly ordained clergy, under the authority of the pope. The triumph of the clerical rule of Christendom coincided with more concrete expressions of the real presence of Christ in the eucharistic elements in both formal theology and liturgical practice. The Mass liturgy became the summit and quintessence of liturgical piety in this era, eclipsing other forms of liturgical service and becoming the focal point of sacramental theology. With the construction of monumental new churches in the Gothic style, from the 12th through 14th centuries, liturgical performance (including costly vessels and vestments) achieved levels of ostentation that caused some conflict between ascetically minded reformers (the Cistercians) and the proponents of lavish liturgical spaces (the Cluniacs). A thriving tradition of liturgical exposition or formal commentary on the divine offices worked in tandem with these dramatic architectural and artistic developments in the liturgical spaces of Europe. Despite the new scholastic methods of the universities, allegorical exegesis of the liturgy, following a tradition that began in the 8th century with Amalarius of Metz, continued to predominate in the lengthy treatises of expositors who worked in the peak period of scholastic theology, down to and including William Durandus of Mende (c. 1296). The performative aspects of the liturgy also witnessed major advances with the introduction of polyphonic chant, liturgical drama, and para-liturgical processions (such as the Feast of Corpus Christi).

MARCEL PAGNOL'S THE BAKER'S WIFE, A CINEMATIC CHARIVARI IN POPULAR FRONT FRANCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRETT BOWLES
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
National Union ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Taking an anthropological approach, this article interprets Pagnol's critically acknowledged classic as a reinvention of a carnivalesque ritual practised in France from the late middle ages through the late 1930s, when ethnographers observed its last vestiges. By linking La Femme du boulanger (The baker's wife, 1938) to contemporaneous debates over gender, national decadence, and the definition of French cultural identity, I argue that the film recycles the charivari's long-standing function as a tool of popular protest against social and political practices regarded as detrimental to the welfare of the nation. In the context of the Popular Front, Pagnol's charivari ridiculed divisive partisan politics pitting Left against Right, symbolically purged class conflict from the social body, and created a new form of folklore that served as a focal point for the communitarian ritual of movie-going among the urban working and middle classes. In so doing, the film promoted the ongoing shift in public support away from the Popular Front in favour of a conservative ‘National Union’ government under Prime Minister Edouard Daladier, who in 1938–9 assumed the role of France's newest political patriarch.

La Espiritualidad eclesial de la Eucaristía, Corpus Christi

Augustinus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-394
Author(s):  
Vittorino Grossi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Condition ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
The Real ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Real Presence ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
The Human Condition

The article presents St. Augustine’s concept of the Eucharist, relating it to the ecclesiological dimension that the concept of corpus Christi can have, showing its link with the paupers, since the Incarnate Word became pauper when assuming the human condition. Reference is also made to the charitable work of Giacomo Cusmano (1804-1885), as well as medieval controversies about the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and its evolution until the Second Vatican Council.

Bisericile din Brașov ilustrate pe planurile orașului întocmite înainte de 1800

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Andrei Nacu
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Black Church ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
New Churches ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City

In the later Middle Ages Brașov was one of the leading urban centers in the Kingdom of Hungary and boasted over a dozen churches and chapels, the most impressive one being the Black Church. Most of the medieval worship sites were still standing in the 18th century, after the Habsburg takeover of Transylvania, but some were subsequently renovated or rebuilt. Additionally, two new churches were erected in 1783 in the northern suburbs. This article has recorded all the worship places depicted by the city plans of Brașov published in 1699, 1702, 1736, 1747 and 1796. The five cartographic documents illustrate nine churches (five Lutheran, two Roman-Catholic and two Orthodox). Besides the churches, three Roman-Catholic chapels are represented by the 1796 city plan and by two local survey plans of the Cetățuie (“Fortress”) area from ca. 1750.

Silent Springs: Groundwater Resources Under Threat

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Edmunds
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Creation Myths ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Spring Flow

Springs are symbolic of the sustainability of life on earth. Since the earliest times flowing springs have been held as sacred and as a subject of awe and fascination. Subterranean water is identified in the creation myths on Babylonian tablets, where waters above the earth are separated from the ‘water of the deep’. The persistence of these creation myths is still reflected in the Arabic word ain or ayun, which has the double meaning of spring and eye (Issar 1991). Springs were the eyes of the gods. Springs (or fountains) were the focal point of many events in the Bible and other religious texts, and were the subject of veneration, as in Psalm 104: 10, ‘He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills Modern scientific understanding of the origins of spring flow dates from the seventeenth century. The earliest explanations of the hydrological cycle, often termed the reversed hydrological cycle, probably stem from biblical sources (Ecclesiastes 1: 7). The unexplained constancy of the ocean volume was accounted for by the return of seawater through the rocks, which then purified them and returned the water to the surface as freshwater rivers and springs. This interpretation of the hydrological cycle persisted through the writings of ancient Greece and Rome as in Seneca’s Quaestiones Naturales and into the Middle Ages (Tuan 1968) until correctly explained by Edmond Halley(Halley 1691). In modern society spring waters are valued highly because they still embody an element of mystery and bring us face to face with the subsurface expression of the hydrological cycle or ‘groundwater’. There is also traditional belief that spring waters represent a source of perennial pure water. The properties of pure spring water command a high market value and in a world where tap water is (often wrongly) perceived as something less pure, the bottled water image-makers seek after evidence of the purity, longevity, and healing properties of the spring, with a zeal that echoes the reverence accorded to spring waters by early philosophers. The objective of this chapter is to explore the reasons for the decline of natural springs and the fragility of groundwater resources in general.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Joshua S. Easterling
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Religious Texts

This book concludes by examining some implications of charismatic experience as recorded in the religious texts treated throughout the book, as well as the host of challenges that such experience presented for the cultures within which anchorites negotiated their claims to spiritual power. Here the book returns to the hierarchically organized image of embodiment that obtained throughout the later Middle Ages as a repudiation of its Pauline counterpart. The rival responses to, or figurations of, highly embodied and charismatic experiences from the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries are finally traceable to a struggle to account for and localize the source of spiritual agency. In this sense, what emerged as medieval Europe’s “charismatic problem” became the focal point of reactive efforts within mainstream religious culture to manage and (hierarchically) contain forms of agency precisely to the extent that these challenged the dominant and masculine assumptions of that same culture.

Feasibility Study of S-Lay Installation for Deepwater SCRs and Pipelines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hou ◽  
Chenteh Alan Yu ◽  
Yongming Cheng ◽  
Gurudutt Bangalore ◽  
Hao Song
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Criteria ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
Support Reaction ◽  
Dynamic Amplification ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Welded Pipe

Abstract The J-lay and S-lay are two common methods for SCR and pipeline installations. When using the S-lay installation method, onboard welded pipe joints leave the vessel horizontally and are guided to the seabed over a stinger structure. The pipe is lowered using tensioners. With the advantage of high production rate, Slay can be a cost-effective solution for deepwater riser and pipeline installation. Based on HYSY201 installation vessel, this paper investigates the feasibility of S-lay installation for deepwater SCRs and pipelines to be used in South China Sea. It first introduces the SCRs and pipelines to be used for a deep draft semi-submersible for the Lingshui 17-2 project. It then presents the S-lay installation vessel HYSY201 and S-lay configuration. The hydrodynamic motion analysis for a Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) was computered for HYSY201 in different environmental headings. With the site-specific metocean design basis, this paper presents an installation procedure, analysis methodology, and acceptance criteria. The study covers different sizes of SCRs and pipelines to investigate the feasibility of S-lay installation. The study starts from the static installation analysis of SCRs and pipelines and includes different installation steps. The acceptance criteria are examined for the pipes at over bend and sag bend regions. The support reactions load on the stinger structure are reported at each step. The dynamic analysis is selectively performed to evaluate Dynamic Amplification Factors (DAFs) of support reaction loads especially for roller box supports on the stinger structure. The sensitivity of DAFs to wave parameters such as wave height and peak period is analyzed as well. The extreme support reaction loads are computed for evaluating the strength performance of the stinger structure. The feasibility of S-lay installation for deepwater SCRs and pipelines is determined by the global performance of SCRs and pipelines, installation vessel hold back tension and A&R winch load capacity, and performance of the stinger structure. Based on the study work, this paper finds the feasibility of S-lay installation of deepwater SCRs and pipelines for Lingshui 17-2 project using the installation vessel of HYSY201.

Thomas Aquinas's Quodlibetal Questions

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Public University ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
The University

Thomas Aquinas was one of the most significant Christian thinkers of the middle ages and ranks among the greatest philosophers and theologians of all time. In the mid-thirteenth century, as a teacher at the University of Paris, Aquinas presided over public university-wide debates on questions that could be put forward by anyone about anything. The Quodlibetal Questions are Aquinas’s edited records of these debates. Unlike his other disputed questions, which are limited to a few specific topics such as evil or divine power, Aquinas’s Quodlibetal Questions contain his treatment of hundreds of questions on a wide range of topics—from ethics, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of religion to dogmatic theology, sacramental theology, moral theology, eschatology, and much more. And, unlike his other disputed questions, none of the questions treated in his Quodlibetal Questions were of Aquinas’s own choosing—they were all posed for him to answer by those who attended the public debates. As such, this volume provides a window onto the concerns of students, teachers, and other interested parties in and around the university at that time. For the same reason it contains some of Aquinas’s fullest, and in certain cases his only, treatments of philosophical and theological questions that have maintained their interest throughout the centuries.

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