Bisericile din Brașov ilustrate pe planurile orașului întocmite înainte de 1800

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Andrei Nacu
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Black Church ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
New Churches ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City

In the later Middle Ages Brașov was one of the leading urban centers in the Kingdom of Hungary and boasted over a dozen churches and chapels, the most impressive one being the Black Church. Most of the medieval worship sites were still standing in the 18th century, after the Habsburg takeover of Transylvania, but some were subsequently renovated or rebuilt. Additionally, two new churches were erected in 1783 in the northern suburbs. This article has recorded all the worship places depicted by the city plans of Brașov published in 1699, 1702, 1736, 1747 and 1796. The five cartographic documents illustrate nine churches (five Lutheran, two Roman-Catholic and two Orthodox). Besides the churches, three Roman-Catholic chapels are represented by the 1796 city plan and by two local survey plans of the Cetățuie (“Fortress”) area from ca. 1750.

scholarly journals THE CITY OF SHUMSK IN THE COMPLEX OF VOLYN PROPERTIES OF RADZIWILL FAMILY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Mykola Blyzniak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City ◽  
Religious Landscape ◽  
Privately Owned

The article analyzes the demographic aspects and economic potential of the city of Shumsk as one of the structural elements of the Volyn properties of the princely house of the Radziwills in the second half of the 18th century. The inventory of this privately owned city and its informative potential was used as a basis for understanding the socio-economic aspects of the everyday life in the cities of Volyn at the time. In 1747 the Malynsky family sold Shumsk to the Radziwills. At the time of the acquisition of the property, the new owners gained a leading position among the magnates of the Ukrainian lands. The Radziwills significantly developed the city plan, expanded its infrastructure, and took care of its cultural and religious landscape. Overall, the new owners seemingly wanted to increase the significance of the settlement in terms of trade, economy and spiritual importance. Despite their large-scale efforts, the city continued to be under the influence of notably more powerful Volyn estates of the representatives of this princely house. At the time, the city and its citizens were considerably involved in the agricultural sector and did not have the opportunity to significantly strengthen the craft component. In fact, they often had to combine the former and the latter since the craft did not yet allow completely abandoning agricultural activities. In the second half of the 18th century, being an estate and economic unit of the Volyn estates of the Radziwills, Shumsk was closely connected with the neighboring town of Rokhmanov.

scholarly journals NEW SITES OF THE Хth—ХVІІІth CENTURIES IN KYIV (materials to the archaeological map)

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
V. K. Koziuba
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Local Value

62 archeological sites officially registered on the territory of Kyiv, 23 of which are of national, others — of local value. Half of these objects are architectural monuments or individual buildings (brick-burning furnaces, wooden water pipes, etc.). These sites are mostly located in the central historic part of the city. More common types of archaeological sites — hillforts, settlements, burial grounds. At the beginning of the XXIth century 76 sites of these types were known in the territory of Kyiv, of which only a few are with protected status now. Since 2011, the author has conducted archaeological surveys in the city. Their purpose is to inspect the places of known archaeological sites and search for new ones. During this time, 78 sites were inspected, of which 61 were discovered for the first time. Among these open sites 27 dated to the Xth—XVIIIth centuries or contain finds of this time. 13 sites existed in epoch of Old Rus’ (Xth—XIIIth centuries). Accordingly, today 72 sites of this period, 4 settlements, 38 settlements, 10 burial mounds and 4 ground cemetery, 8 monasteries, 7 caves and 1 fortification rempart are registered in Kyiv. Pottery of the second half of the XIIIth—XVIIth centuries was found at 10 sites. Magority of settlements dated to the early modern time — they were villages and farms around Kyiv. Their study allows us to find out in detail the extensive system of settlement at the Kyiv outskirts in this period and the active economic use of the latter. A fortification rempart which has a length of 2.9 km was also inspected on the southern outskirts of the city. Its height is generally 0.2—0.5 m, width — up to 10 m. This fortification is believed to have been emerged at the turn of the Xth—XIth centuries in order to protect Kyiv from the attacks of nomads. The discovery and study of new archaeological sites of the Middle Ages and early modern times allows us to explore the peculiarities of the emergence and development of settlement structures around one of the largest urban centers of Central and Eastern Europe, increases the number of sources on the historical urbanism of Kyiv, contributes to the memorial component of the socio-cultural development of the capital Of Ukraine.

Situating St Mary-le-Strand: The Church, the City and the Career of James Gibbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 77-110
Author(s):  
William Aslet
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Cost Cutting ◽  
New Churches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACTJames Gibbs's church of St Mary-le-Strand has often been interpreted as an expression of his training in Rome, his Tory politics and his Roman Catholic faith. These factors, as well as the growing clout of the Palladian movement, all supposedly contributed to the architect's dismissal from the Commission for Fifty New Churches. In fact, the design was discovered slowly and by compromise, and Gibbs's dismissal was brought about by a change of monarchy, the demise of his original patrons and by the cost-cutting agenda of the new Whig regime. Rather than recent Italian sources, St Mary-le-Strand derives many of its features from the architecture of London, particularly St Paul's Cathedral. The siting of the church on the royal processional way from Westminster to St Paul's Cathedral explains many of Gibbs's design choices. Queen Anne, under whose reign the church was conceived, used the route frequently.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

DIALOG Z HUMANIZMEM RENESANSOWYM W DZIEŁACH PIOTRA SKARGI / PIOTR SKARGA’S DIALOGUE WITH RENAISSANCE HUMANISM

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 405-424
Author(s):  
Alina Nowicka -Jeżowa
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Ignatian Spirituality ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Renaissance Humanism ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

Summary The article tries to outline the position of Piotr Skarga in the Jesuit debates about the legacy of humanist Renaissance. The author argues that Skarga was fully committed to the adaptation of humanist and even medieval ideas into the revitalized post-Tridentine Catholicism. Skarga’s aim was to reformulate the humanist worldview, its idea of man, system of values and political views so that they would fit the doctrine of the Roman Catholic church. In effect, though, it meant supplanting the pluralist and open humanist culture by a construct as solidly Catholic as possible. He sifted through, verified, and re-interpreted the humanist material: as a result the humanist myth of the City of the Sun was eclipsed by reminders of the transience of all earthly goods and pursuits; elements of the Greek and Roman tradition were reconnected with the authoritative Biblical account of world history; and man was reinscribed into the theocentric perspective. Skarga brought back the dogmas of the original sin and sanctifying grace, reiterated the importance of asceticism and self-discipline, redefined the ideas of human dignity and freedom, and, in consequence, came up with a clear-cut, integrist view of the meaning and goal of the good life as well as the proper mission of the citizen and the nation. The polemical edge of Piotr Skarga’s cultural project was aimed both at Protestantism and the Erasmian tendency within the Catholic church. While strongly coloured by the Ignatian spirituality with its insistence on rigorous discipline, a sense of responsibility for the lives of other people and the culture of the community, and a commitment to the heroic ideal of a miles Christi, taking headon the challenges of the flesh, the world, Satan, and the enemies of the patria and the Church, it also went a long way to adapt the Jesuit model to Poland’s socio-cultural conditions and the mentality of its inhabitants.

Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

scholarly journals “His Soul Is Weeping inside That He Cannot Bury the Dead as before.” Plague and Rebellion in Debrecen (Hungary), 1739–1742

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Ildikó Sz. Kristóf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
The City

This is a historical anthropological study of a period of social and religious tensions in a Calvinist city in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 18th century. The last and greatest plague epidemic to devastate Hungary and Transylvania between cca. 1738 and 1743 led to a clash of different opinions and beliefs on the origin of the plague and ways of fighting it. Situated on the Great Hungarian Plain, the city of Debrecen saw not only frequent violations of the imposed lockdown measures among its inhabitants but also a major uprising in 1739. The author examines the historical sources (handwritten city records, written and printed regulations, criminal proceedings, and other documents) to be found in the Debrecen city archives, as well as the writings of the local Calvinist pastors published in the same town. The purpose of the study is to outline the main directions of interpretation concerning the plague and manifest in the urban uprising. According to the findings of the author, there was a stricter and chronologically earlier direction, more in keeping with local Puritanism in the second half of the 17th century, and there was also a more moderate and later one, more in line with the assumptions and expectations of late 18th-century medical science. While the former set of interpretations seems to have been founded especially on a so-called “internal” cure (i.e., religious piety and repentance), the latter proposed mostly “external” means (i.e., quarantine measures and herbal medicine) to avoid the plague and be rid of it. There seems to have existed, however, a third set of interpretations: that of folk beliefs and practices, i.e., sorcery and magic. According to the files, a number of so-called “wise women” also attempted to cure the plague-stricken by magical means. The third set of interpretations and their implied practices were not tolerated by either of the other two. The author provides a detailed micro-historical analysis of local events and the social and religious discourses into which they were embedded.

scholarly journals Parking Places to Moped-Style Scooter Sharing Services Using GIS Location-Allocation Models and GPS Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Onel Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Location Allocation ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The City

Moped-style scooters are one of the most popular systems of micro-mobility. They are undoubtedly good for the city, as they promote forms of environmentally-friendly mobility, in which flexibility helps prevent traffic build-up in the urban centers where they operate. However, their increasing numbers are also generating conflicts as a result of the bad behavior of users, their unwarranted use in public spaces, and above all their parking. This paper proposes a methodology for finding parking spaces for shared motorcycle services using Geographic information system (GIS) location-allocation models and Global Positioning System (GPS) data. We used the center of Madrid and data from the company Muving (one of the city’s main operators) for our case study. As well as finding the location of parking spaces for motorbikes, our analysis examines how the varying distribution of demand over the course of the day affects the demand allocated to parking spaces. The results demonstrate how reserving a relatively small number of parking spaces for scooters makes it possible to capture over 70% of journeys in the catchment area. The daily variations in the distribution of demand slightly reduce the efficiency of the network of parking spaces in the morning and increase it at night, when demand is strongly focused on the most central areas.

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