scholarly journals Modes of Interaction in Naturally Occurring Medical Encounters With General Practitioners: The “One in a Million” Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232199379
Author(s):  
Olaug S. Lian ◽  
Sarah Nettleton ◽  
Åge Wifstad ◽  
Christopher Dowrick
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Mode Competition ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Narrative Mode ◽  
Modes Of Interaction

In this article, we qualitatively explore the manner and style in which medical encounters between patients and general practitioners (GPs) are mutually conducted, as exhibited in situ in 10 consultations sourced from the One in a Million: Primary Care Consultations Archive in England. Our main objectives are to identify interactional modes, to develop a classification of these modes, and to uncover how modes emerge and shift both within and between consultations. Deploying an interactional perspective and a thematic and narrative analysis of consultation transcripts, we identified five distinctive interactional modes: question and answer (Q&A) mode, lecture mode, probabilistic mode, competition mode, and narrative mode. Most modes are GP-led. Mode shifts within consultations generally map on to the chronology of the medical encounter. Patient-led narrative modes are initiated by patients themselves, which demonstrates agency. Our classification of modes derives from complete naturally occurring consultations, covering a wide range of symptoms, and may have general applicability.

Differential Inter-drug Analysis: A Preliminary Study

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (467) ◽  
pp. 514-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. C. Haward
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Drug Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Possibility ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The One ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Psychopharmacological Agents

During the past decade so many psycho tropic drugs have been produced that the psychiatrist is often faced with a bewildering choice; for some mental disorders no fewer than a dozen preparations claim to remove or alleviate the symptoms. The work of La Verne (1962, 1963) and Jacobsen (1963) has been of considerable value in providing a “compendium of psychopharmacological agents”—a comprehensive classification of psychiatric drugs to assist the prescriber. Nevertheless, there are seldom any clear or universally accepted indications within a class (e.g. antidepressives or antipsychotics) why one drug should be prescribed rather than another. Many preparations share a common basic chemical formula, such as the phenothiazines, and/or a common biochemical function, like the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The manufacturers themselves, anxious to cover every therapeutic possibility, suggest such a wide range of possible indications that their product often becomes a broad spectrum panacea, inviting increasing scepticism from the physician and concealing any potential advantage it may have for alleviating a particular symptom. Since personal experience determines choice more positively than any number of published reports, the psychiatrist gives most new products an informal trial, but tends to settle down with a limited few of proved usefulness and empirically confirmed indications. This is not a particularly efficient method for obtaining one's personal range of chemotherapeutics, but it is the one most generally used in practice. Its disadvantage lies in the idiosyncratic nature of some drugs, which may work well in one patient but ineffectively, or even adversely, in the next. On the basis of a few short and unsatisfactory trials, sometimes of only one, a potentially useful preparation may be discarded in favour of an older well-tried alternative which may be less therapeutically effective in the long run.

scholarly journals "Wir laden Sie ein!" - "Jetzt anmelden!" Zur Spannweite von Instruktionen in Werbebriefen

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (40) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Martin Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
The One ◽  
Directive Speech

Instructive texts are an inclusive term for a wide range of action initiating texts, i.e. texts where the action is being initiated through the text (e.g. in a sales letter, Nielsen 2003a: 66), and action commanding texts, i.e. texts where an action which the receiver wanted to execute anyway is being instructed (e.g. instructions, Reiß 1983: 17). Since sales letters are action-initiating and thus as a text genre constituting feature contain directive speech acts (Searle 1969, 1976, Wagner 2001, Nielsen 2006), they are per definition face-threatening (Brown/ Levinson 1978, Nielsen 2006). The communication configuration is asymmetric and the power relationship skewed: On the one hand, the sender wants something from the receiver although not entitled to claim that because of the power relations. On the other hand, the action that the receiver is requested to do might very well be in the interest of the receiver. On that background it seems natural that there is a wide range in the realization of instructions in sales letters: from the euphemistic „We invite you!“ to the completely unhidden, almost rude „Register now!“ This article sets out to describe and explore this range on the basis of authentic Danish and German sales letters and to make an attempt at a first tentative classification of politeness strategies that soften the face-threatening speech acts of those instructions.

scholarly journals A Defect Study and Classification of Brown Diamonds with Deformation-Related Color

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hainschwang ◽  
Franck Notari ◽  
Gianna Pamies
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Side Product ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The One ◽  
Annealing Experiments

For this study, the properties of a large sample of various types of brown diamonds with a deformation-related (referred to as “DR” in this work) color were studied to properly characterize and classify such diamonds, and to compare them to pink to purple to red diamonds. The acquisition of low temperature NIR spectra for a large range of brown diamonds and photoexcitation studies combined with various treatment experiments have opened new windows into certain defect characteristics of brown diamonds, such as the amber centers and naturally occurring H1b and H1c centers. It was determined that the amber centers (referred to as “AC” in this work) exhibit rather variable behaviors to annealing and photoexcitation; the annealing temperature of these defects were determined to range from 1150 to >1850 °C and it was found that the 4063 cm−1 AC was the precursor defect of many other ACs. It is suggested that the amber centers in diamonds that contain at least some C centers are essentially identical to the ones seen in diamonds without C centers, but that they likely have a negative charge. The study of the naturally occurring H1b and H1c link them to the amber centers, specifically to the one at 4063 cm−1. Annealing experiments have shown that the H1b and H1c defects and the 4063 cm−1 AC were in line with each other. The obvious links between these defects points towards our suggestion that the H1b and H1c defects are standalone defects that consist of multiple vacancies and nitrogen and that they are—in the case of brown diamonds—a side product of the AC formation. A new classification of DR brown diamonds was elaborated that separates the diamonds in six different classes, depending on type and AC. This classification had been completed recently with the classification of brown diamonds with a non-deformation-related color (referred to as “NDR”), giving a total of 11 classes of brown diamonds.

scholarly journals THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL BONDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 476-501
Author(s):  
N. V. Zaytseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Concept ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

Introduction: this article looks into the matter of how the principle of good faith, as applied in different legal systems, impacts the legal bonds between commercial entities, depending on whether such bonds actually exist or not, and in the context of classification of key contractual terms. Being essentially abstract, the principle of good faith can be interpreted in different ways from a legal perspective and, therefore, may entail different legal consequences, which, on the one hand, can close the legal and contractual gaps but, on the other hand, can give rise to legal uncertainty and destabilization of the civil turnover. Purpose: to identify the general legal elements of good faith and the ways the requirements of the generally binding character of good faith are applied at different stages of the contractual process; to define the conditions for the contractual performance to change under the influence of good faith. Methods: dialectical methods of research, deduction and induction techniques, empirical methods of comparison, description and interpretation as general scientific methods; there were also used specific scientific methods such as historical, legal comparison, and systems analysis. Results: analysis of the applicable legislation, court practice and scientific research shows that good faith is currently opposed to the formal concept, and this has become the cause of different approaches to assigning the generally binding character to good faith in the continental law and common law systems. The generally binding character of good faith is presumed in countries with the continental system of law because the judiciary often lacks any other possibility to take into account the actual will of the parties, whereas the common law countries operate a wide range of legal mechanisms for revealing the intentions of the parties, and, therefore, the generally binding character of good faith may jeopardize legal certainty and stability of legal bonds. Conclusions: the principle of good faith, whilst having many-faceted functions and tasks, is mainly aimed at taking into account the subjective component of legal relations in order to exclude the parties’ conduct intended to discriminate the legal position of the other party. Essentially, this objective consolidates all the legal principles because, notwithstanding the differences in legal substance, application of such principles by courts eventually brings about the same outcome. However, the forms of the discriminatory conduct prohibition do not produce the same impact on the legal bond development, and this can make commercial turnover unpredictable. In practice, when choosing an applicable legal principle, the judiciary would do better to opt for a model that would preserve the legal bond and would allow for achieving the contractual purpose, while excluding bad/unfair conduct of any one party.

scholarly journals Disorder Classification of the Vibrational Spectra of Modern Glasses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Pan ◽  
Omar Benzine ◽  
Shigeki Sawamura ◽  
Rene Limbach ◽  
Akio Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequency Position ◽  
Physical Classification ◽  
Mean Square Fluctuation ◽  
Glassy Materials ◽  
The One ◽  
Log Normal

Using the coherent-potential approximation in heterogeneous-elasticity theory with a log-normal distribution of elastic constants for the description of the Raman spectrum and the temperature dependence of the specifi?c heat, we are able to reconstruct the vibrational density of states and characteristic descriptors of the elastic heterogeneity of a wide range of glassy materials. These descriptors are the non-affi?ne contribution to the shear modulus, the mean-square fluctuation of the local elasticity, and its correlation length. They enable a physical classification scheme for disorder in modern, industrially relevant glass materials. <br><div>We apply our procedure to a broad range of real-world glass compositions, including metallic,oxide, chalcogenide, hybrid and polymer glasses. Universal relationships between the descriptors on the one side, and the height and frequency position of the boson peak, the Poisson ratio and theliquid fragility index on the other side are established.</div>

scholarly journals Disorder Classification of the Vibrational Spectra of Modern Glasses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Pan ◽  
Omar Benzine ◽  
Shigeki Sawamura ◽  
Rene Limbach ◽  
Akio Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequency Position ◽  
Physical Classification ◽  
Mean Square Fluctuation ◽  
Glassy Materials ◽  
The One ◽  
Log Normal

Using the coherent-potential approximation in heterogeneous-elasticity theory with a log-normal distribution of elastic constants for the description of the Raman spectrum and the temperature dependence of the specifi?c heat, we are able to reconstruct the vibrational density of states and characteristic descriptors of the elastic heterogeneity of a wide range of glassy materials. These descriptors are the non-affi?ne contribution to the shear modulus, the mean-square fluctuation of the local elasticity, and its correlation length. They enable a physical classification scheme for disorder in modern, industrially relevant glass materials. <br><div>We apply our procedure to a broad range of real-world glass compositions, including metallic,oxide, chalcogenide, hybrid and polymer glasses. Universal relationships between the descriptors on the one side, and the height and frequency position of the boson peak, the Poisson ratio and theliquid fragility index on the other side are established.</div>

General Trend of Negative Transference Number in Li Salt/Ionic Liquid Mixtures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Molinari ◽  
Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽  
Boris Kozinsky
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Transference Number ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Linkage Cluster ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
The One ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

We show that strong cation-anion interactions in a wide range of lithium-salt/ionic liquid mixtures result in a negative lithium transference number, using molecular dynamics simulations and rigorous concentrated solution theory. This behavior fundamentally deviates from the one obtained using self-diffusion coefficient analysis and agrees well with experimental electrophoretic NMR measurements, which accounts for ion correlations. We extend these findings to several ionic liquid compositions. We investigate the degree of spatial ionic coordination employing single-linkage cluster analysis, unveiling asymmetrical anion-cation clusters. Additionally, we formulate a way to compute the effective lithium charge that corresponds to and agrees well with electrophoretic measurements and show that lithium effectively carries a negative charge in a remarkably wide range of chemistries and concentrations. The generality of our observation has significant implications for the energy storage community, emphasizing the need to reconsider the potential of these systems as next generation battery electrolytes.<br>

„A little Drama“ (G. M. Tucker)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219
Author(s):  
Alessandro Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Abrupt Shift ◽  
Mediated Discourse ◽  
Contextual Integration

Abstract The use of a narrative imperfect in Am 7:10–17 after 7:1–9 and the abrupt shift to 8:1–3 frequently compelled critics to determine its literary form. For diachronic studies defining classifications include ‘third-party report’ and ‘apophthegma’. By contrast, synchronic studies emphasize the contextual integration of Am 7:10–17 and concentrate on a narrative analysis. Within this focus it is striking, that the passage is often associated with a ‘drama’ but without assessing the methodological ramifications of such a claim. The present article takes this ‘synchronic gap’ up and relates it to approaches to view drama as a possible genre for prophetic books. In doing so, a reading of Am 7:10–17 as part of a narrator-mediated discourse using a dramatic mode shows that the passage can be deemed an entrance with three speeches integrated into the wider context of 7:1–8:3. Particularly the classification of 7:10a, 12aα, 14aα as narrator’s discourse using a dramatic mode makes this claim plausible.

Somatoform disorders: diseases of the civilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
I. Kukhtevich
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
The One ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Functional autonomic disorders occupy a significant part in the practice of neurologists and professionals of other specialties as well. However, there is no generally accepted classification of such disorders. In this paper the authors tried to show that functional autonomic pathology corresponds to the concept of somatoform disorders combining syndromes manifested by visceral, borderline psychopathological, neurological symptoms that do not have an organic basis. The relevance of the problem of somatoform disorders is that on the one hand many health professionals are not familiar enough with manifestations of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, often forming functional autonomic disorders, and on the other hand they overestimate somatoform symptoms that are similar to somatic diseases.

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