Conversion in Morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sándor Martsa
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Simple Matter ◽  
Formation Technique

Conversion is traditionally viewed as a word-formation technique of forming a word from a formally identical but categorically different word without adding a(n explicit) morphological exponent. Despite its apparent formal simplicity manifested first of all in the sameness of the input and the output, the proper understanding of what exactly happens during conversion, morphosyntactically and semantically alike, is by no means an easy matter even in respect of one language, let alone languages representing different typological groups or subgroups. To determine the linguistic status of conversion and its place among other types of word formation is not a simple matter either, and, paradoxically, it is especially so in the case of the most extensively studied English conversion. The reason for this is that the traditional view of conversion has often been called into question, giving rise to a diversity of interpretations of conversion not only in English but also in a cross-linguistic perspective. Conversion research has gone a long way to explore the mechanism of conversion as a kind of word formation; nevertheless, further research is necessary to understand every detail of this mechanism.

Norms, New Words, and Empirical Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Pius ten Hacken
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
New Words ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Starting Point

Abstract The central question of this paper is how the inclusion of new words in dictionaries can be related to the empirical reality and norms of language. Because dictionaries are generally dictionaries of a language, the starting point is how this notion of named language is framed. The traditional view of a language as a system is contrasted with the corpus-based view of a language as realized in use and with the Chomskyan view based on language as a speaker’s competence. Then, the nature of words in each perspective is discussed, leading to different characterizations and different standards for the evaluation of new words. The function of new words is generally to name new concepts. In naming, word formation, sense extension, and borrowing can be used. Whereas lexicographers see their task as mainly descriptive, users often expect dictionaries to be gatekeepers. The competence-based perspective can serve as a ground where these views can be reconciled.

scholarly journals Aktywność słowotwórcza a zjawisko zapożyczeń na przykładzie czasowników dwuaspektowych (w ujęciu polsko-słowackim)

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Halina Mieczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Formation Technique ◽  
Linguistic Material

Word formation activity and the phenomenon of loanwords as exemplified by dual aspect verbs (in Polish-Slovakian interlinguality)The conducted analysis of dual aspect verbs (based on selected linguistic material) and contrasting them with the state observed a quarter or half century ago do not show interdependencies between the existence of the group of genetically foreign dual aspect verbs – which are very limited and virtually relic in Polish but definitely more frequent in Slovakian – and a strong trend for word borrowing. On the contrary, the observed linguistic increase in prefixed oppositional units of perfective aspect indicates that more significant impact on their development and functioning is exerted by the established word formation technique as well as the lexical and grammatical structure of the native language. Aktywność słowotwórcza a zjawisko zapożyczeń na przykładzie czasowników dwuaspektowych (w ujęciu polsko-słowackim)Przeprowadzona analiza czasowników dwuaspektowych (w oparciu o wybrany materiał językowy) i ich konfrontacja ze stanem sprzed ćwierć-, a nawet półwiecza nie wykazują wzajemnych zależności pomiędzy funkcjonowaniem w języku – nielicznej, prawie reliktowej w polszczyźnie i zdecydowanie liczniejszej w języku słowackim – grupy genetycznie obcych czasowników dwuaspektowych a silnym nurtem zapożyczeń. Wręcz przeciwnie – obserwowany przyrost językowy prefiksalnych członów opozycyjnych o wartości aspektu dokonanego wskazuje, że większy wpływ na ich rozwój i funkcjonowanie wywierają utarta technika słowotwórcza i struktura leksykalno-gramatyczna języka rodzimego.

Word-Formation in the World's Languages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Stekauer ◽  
Salvador Valera ◽  
Livia Kortvelyessy
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation

Intra-industry and inter-industry trade through the lens of comparative and absolute advantage

2016 ◽  
pp. 112-128
Author(s):  
A. Gnidchenko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Absolute Advantage

The article surveys the literature that emphasizes the importance of comparative and absolute advantages for intra- and inter-industry trade. Two conclusions follow form the survey. First, unlike the traditional view, intra-industry trade is determined rather by technology than by increasing returns. Second, absolute advantages that have been ignored in international trade models for a long time play a vital role through their linkages with product quality and export diversification. We also discuss a new strand of literature that models international trade with the assumption of non-homothetic preferences.

His Lordship's -ship and the King of Golfdom. Against a purely functional analysis of suffixhood

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Baeskow
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Independent Model

For many decades there has been a consensus among linguists of various schools that derivational suffixes function not only to determine the word-class of the complex expressions they form, but also convey semantic information. The aspect of suffix-inherent meaning is ignored by representatives of a relatively new theoretical direction – Neo-Construction Grammar – who consider derivational suffixes to be either purely functional elements of the grammar or meaningless phonological realizations of abstract grammatical morphemes. The latter view is maintained by adherents of Distributed Morphology, who at the same time emphasize the importance of conceptual knowledge for derivational processes without attempting to define this aspect. The purpose of this study is first of all to provide support for the long-standing assumption that suffixes are inherently meaningful. The focus of interest is on the suffixes -ship, -dom and -hood. Data from Old English and Modern English (including neologisms) will show that these suffixes have developed rich arrays of meaning which cannot be structurally derived. Moreover, since conceptual knowledge is indeed an important factor for word-formation processes, a concrete, theory-independent model for the representation of the synchronically observable meaning components associated with -ship, -dom and -hood will be proposed.

Pittenweem Priory and the conventuality question

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
New Mother ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Pittenweem Priory began life as the caput manor of a daughter-house established on May Island by Cluniac monks from Reading (c. 1140). After its sale to St Andrews (c. 1280), the priory transferred ashore. While retaining its traditional name, the ‘Priory of May (alias Pittenweem)’ was subsumed within the Augustinian priory of St Andrews. Its prior was elected from among the canons of the new mother house, but it was many decades before a resident community of canons was set up in Pittenweem. The traditional view, based principally on the ‘non-conventual’ status of the priory reiterated in fifteenth-century documents, is that there was ‘no resident community’ before the priorship of Andrew Forman (1495–1515). Archaeological evidence in Pittenweem, however, indicates that James Kennedy had embarked on significant development of the priory fifty years earlier. This suggests that, when the term ‘non-conventual’ is used in documents emanating from Kennedy's successors (Graham and Scheves), we should interpret it more as an assertion of superiority and control than as a description of realities in the priory.

Realism and the Stock Market

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-495
Author(s):  
Henry B. Wonham
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Securities Trading

Henry B. Wonham, “Realism and the Stock Market: The Rise of Silas Lapham” (pp. 473–495) William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) is usually approached as a representative text in the American realist mode and an unambiguous expression of Howells’s disdain for—in Walter Benn Michaels’s words—“the excesses of capitalism,” especially as embodied in the novel’s rendering of “the greedy and heartless stock market.” Like many commentators of the period, Howells promoted a traditional view of honest industry against the emerging phenomenon of speculative finance, and yet to read the novel as an allegory of opposition to Wall Street speculation is to oversimplify Howells’s complicated attitudes toward high finance and to make a caricature out of the novel’s treatment of complex economic developments. In this essay, I reassess Silas’s investment career and the novel’s surprisingly dense engagement with the dynamics of securities trading as a form of commerce. Critics such as Michaels and Neil Browne have contended that through Silas’s failed investment career, Howells “attempts to disarticulate…an emergent market ethos,” but as I read the novel this same “market ethos” is inseparable from Howells’s conception of realism and of the vocation of the literary realist.

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