Nonhuman and Nonhuman-Human Communication: Some Issues and Questions

Deciphering nonhuman communication – particularly nonhuman vocal communication – has been a longstanding human quest. We are, for example, fascinated by the songs of birds and whales, the grunts of apes, the barks of dogs, and the croaks of frogs; we wonder about their potential meaning and their relationship to human language. Do these utterances express little more than emotional states, or do they convey actual bits and bytes of concrete information? Humans’ numerous attempts to decipher nonhuman systems have, however, progressed slowly. We still wonder why only a small number of species are capable of vocal learning, a trait that, because it allows for innovation and adaptation, would seem to be a prerequisite for most language-like abilities. Humans have also attempted to teach nonhumans elements of our system, using both vocal and nonvocal systems. The rationale for such training is that the extent of success in instilling symbolic reference provides some evidence for, at the very least, the cognitive underpinnings of parallels between human and nonhuman communication systems. However, separating acquisition of reference from simple object-label association is not a simple matter, as reference begins with such associations, and the point at which true reference emerges is not always obvious. I begin by discussing these points and questions, predominantly from the viewpoint of someone studying avian abilities. I end by examining the question posed by Premack: do nonhumans that have achieved some level of symbolic reference then process information differently from those that have not? I suggest the answer is likely “yes,” giving examples from my research on Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).

The Limits of Integrative Bargaining

This article discusses integrative bargaining. Opportunities for integrative bargaining are often unrecognized and unexploited. As a result, both the parties to negotiations and society as a whole are worse off than would otherwise have been the case. The article offers three conclusions. First, opportunities for integrative bargaining are not nearly as pervasive as is sometimes authoritatively asserted. Second, the claim that opportunities for integrative bargaining make good behavior a simple matter of rational, pecuniary self-interest is not nearly as strong as is sometimes claimed, both because opportunities for integrative bargaining are less pervasive than has been asserted and because, even when such opportunities may exist, the case for good behavior is weaker than has been claimed. Third, and accordingly, the case for good behavior cannot rest entirely on pecuniary self-interest. The article then outlines the opportunities for integrative bargaining, which includes differences between the parties in terms of (1) their interests, (2) their projections concerning possible future events, (3) their willingness to accept risks, and (4) their time preferences regarding payment or performance.

О критической точке плавления простого вещества

Based on the three-phase model of simple matter reviewed to the appearance and disappearance of the S-loop of a phase transition (PT) of the first kind on isotherme of state equation in the range of PT crystal-liquid (C-L). Calculations performed for argon showed that the S-loop of PT C-L on the isotherm of the state equation arises due to a sharp decrease and subsequent increase in pressure associated with the appearance of delocalized atoms at an isothermal increase in the specific volume. With an increase in temperature on the isotherm, the pressure associated with the delocalization of atoms passes from the negative region (where it compressed the system) to the positive region (where it stretches the system). This behavior of this function leads both to the appearance of the S-loop of the C-L PT on the isotherm of the equation of state, and to the disappearance of the S-loop of the C-L PT at high temperatures with the formation of the critical point of the C-L PT. The change in the parameters of the critical point of PT C-L with a decrease in the number of atoms in the nanosystem is studied. It is shown that during the transition to the nanosystem, the critical temperature and pressure decrease, and the critical molar volume increases. Calculations in the framework of the three-phase model of a simple matter showed that the structure at the critical point of PT C-L is close to an amorphous packing. At the same time, with a decrease in the number of atoms in the nanosystem, the parameters of this amorphous structure at the critical point of PT C-L change slightly.

How to Track Progress

This chapter introduces a second kind of tracking game: progressive tracking games. In it, the authors show how students can use progressive tracking games to develop tracking skills that will become more sophisticated over time, rather than a simple matter of mastering facts. They introduce four levels of tracking that can be used to enhance learning. The levels take ideas and start with (1) definitions, move to (2) learning methods, build to (3) listing examples, and finish with (4) applying ideas in new ways. They introduce a series of games that teachers can use to help students learn how to track more progressively. They draw their examples from literature (The Great Gatsby), history (“The Gettysburg Address”), philosophy (miracles), and poetry (“I Could Not Tell”).

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP PENYELESAIAN DAMAI PERKARA SEDERHANA EKONOMI SYARIAH (ANALISIS KASUS DI PENGADILAN AGAMA KEDIRI)

ABSTRACTThe objective will be accomplished in the title of the thesis is the author of the above is to find out if the peace process is going on, and the proceedings conducted against a simple matter of Economics Sharia Religious Courts in Kediri were in accordance with the provisions of the law that applies.This research uses the juridical normative approach i.e. researching secondary data or library material, then analyzed qualitative data analysis and results presented with descriptive method, namely by giving a picture in fact regarding the juridical review against a peaceful solution a simple matter of Economics Sharia Religious Courts in Kediri.Based on the results of the research on settlement matters simple economics Sharia Religious Courts in Kediri via the litigation has been in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law, both at the stage of registration, ranging from up to judge drop the verdict. But against the occurrence of the verdict form peacekeeping assignment given by judges in future trials, is not the peace that occurs on the basis of the presence of both parties with the bond Act of peace, but rather the onset of peace because the judge grant the plaintiff's petition to revoke the matter, this occurs after the judge listened to the description of the plaintiff who stated upfront trial that the Defendants had completed his charge to the plaintiff. Besides that the consideration of judge of dikabulkannya petition for annulment of case filed by the Plaintiff because during the trial, the defendants never attend and sent his Deputy, so over the verdict ... Keywords : Sharia Economic Disputes, Peace, Trial

Coercion for the ages? A thousand years of parallel inchoative histories for the French passé simple and passé composé

This paper investigates the diachronic evolution of so-called aspectual coercion (de Swart 1998, Bary & Egg 2012) in French, with respect to two major tenses, namely the simple past (passé simple) (PS) and compound past (passé composé) (PC); it will more specifically bear on cases of inchoative readings. Throughout a study spanning several diachronic stages and capitalizing on earlier work (Caudal 2015a, Caudal 2015b, Caudal, Burnertt & Troberg 2016), it will be shown that the PC and the PS exhibit striking differences in their acquisition of inchoative coercions, with the PC consistently lagging behind the PS in some respects. Initially, at the Old French period, the PC was totally deprived of any coercive power w.r.t. states, whereas the PS already had a broader and better established inchoative coercive capability. But across subsequent stages of the language, the PS gradually increased its inchoative potential at a steady pace – although it seems to retain some difficulties with certain types of stative utterances, especially those denoting individual-level states, and locative/posture structures. While the PC has often been claimed to have largely replaced the PS, I will here show that even in Modern French, the PC seems to still have a noticeably lesser ‘inchoativizing power’ than the PS. In order words, in spite of nearly a thousand years of parallel evolution and semantic convergence, the initial semantic gap between the two forms still hasn’t been bridged. I will suggest that these consistent differences should lead us to consider so-called inchoative coercion as a distinctly conventionalized type of meaning expansion mechanism – rather than a simple matter of overcoming the violation of some aspectual semantic restriction.

The Role of UNESCO in the Elaboration and Implementation of International Art, Cultural Property, and Heritage Law

This chapter analyzes the role of UNESCO in the elaboration and implementation of its international law instruments (conventions, recommendations, declarations) concerning artifacts, cultural property, and heritage. The elaboration of such instruments is not a simple matter. It requires, first, a clear decision from the majority of Member States that such elaboration is desirable; second, significant preparatory work from the UNESCO’s Secretariat to submit a first draft; third and throughout the elaboration of the instrument, negotiation of each of the draft text’s provisions among the numerous Member States’ legal and cultural property (or heritage) experts. Once the elaboration is completed and the General Conference of UNESCO adopts the instrument in its final version, UNESCO’s role then starts as to the implementation of its conventions by States Parties.