The Neoclassical Decision-Making Paradigm and Environmental Valuation: An Environmental Ethics Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Environmental Valuation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Economic Motivation ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between environmental ethics and the application of economic values to the environment has followed two main paths: (1) blocking attempts to value the environment economically by extending the concept of moral standing to elements of the natural world, and (2) attempting a pragmatic reconciliation that harnesses the efficacy of economic motivation while avoiding the excesses of an exclusively economic perspective. The pragmatic reconciliation must still come to grips with several ethical issues that confront environmental valuation. The fact that economics is grounded in a utilitarian consequentialism renders it susceptible to some long-standing deontological challenges having to do with rights and justice. Other challenges include a reluctance to embrace value pluralism, overly ambitious attempts at pricing, failure to incorporate deeper value commitments that do not take the form of preferences, and the inadequacies of a preference-satisfaction account of well-being.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

scholarly journals Computer knows best? The need for value-flexibility in medical AI

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind J McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
The Relationship

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being developed for use in medicine, including for diagnosis and in treatment decision making. The use of AI in medical treatment raises many ethical issues that are yet to be explored in depth by bioethicists. In this paper, I focus specifically on the relationship between the ethical ideal of shared decision making and AI systems that generate treatment recommendations, using the example of IBM’s Watson for Oncology. I argue that use of this type of system creates both important risks and significant opportunities for promoting shared decision making. If value judgements are fixed and covert in AI systems, then we risk a shift back to more paternalistic medical care. However, if designed and used in an ethically informed way, AI could offer a potentially powerful way of supporting shared decision making. It could be used to incorporate explicit value reflection, promoting patient autonomy. In the context of medical treatment, we need value-flexible AI that can both respond to the values and treatment goals of individual patients and support clinicians to engage in shared decision making.

scholarly journals The Association Between Patients' eHealth Literacy and Satisfaction With Shared Decision-making and Well-being: Multicenter Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Huan Xu ◽  
Ling-Ming Zhou ◽  
Eliza Lai-Yi Wong ◽  
Dong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ehealth Literacy ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that a high level of health literacy can improve patients’ ability to engage in health-related shared decision-making (SDM) and improve their quality of life, few studies have investigated the role of eHealth literacy in improving patient satisfaction with SDM (SSDM) and well-being. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the relationship between patients’ eHealth literacy and their socioeconomic determinants and to investigate the association between patients’ eHealth literacy and their SSDM and well-being. METHODS The data used in this study were obtained from a multicenter cross-sectional survey in China. The eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) and Investigating Choice Experiments Capability Measure for Adults were used to measure patients’ eHealth literacy and capability well-being, respectively. The SSDM was assessed by using a self-administered questionnaire. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the differences in the eHEALS, SSDM, and Investigating Choice Experiments Capability Measure for Adults scores of patients with varying background characteristics. Ordinary least square regression models were used to assess the relationship among eHealth literacy, SSDM, and well-being adjusted by patients’ background characteristics. RESULTS A total of 569 patients completed the questionnaire. Patients who were male, were highly educated, were childless, were fully employed, were without chronic conditions, and indicated no depressive disorder reported a higher mean score on the eHEALS. Younger patients (SSDM<sub>≥61 years</sub>=88.6 vs SSDM<sub>16-30 years</sub>=84.2) tended to show higher SSDM. Patients who were rural residents and were well paid were more likely to report good capability well-being. Patients who had a higher SSDM and better capability well-being reported a significantly higher level of eHealth literacy than those who had lower SSDM and poorer capability well-being. The regression models showed a positive relationship between eHealth literacy and both SSDM (<i>β</i>=.22; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and well-being (<i>β</i>=.26; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) after adjusting for patients’ demographic, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and health status variables. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that patients with a high level of eHealth literacy are more likely to experience optimal SDM and improved capability well-being. However, patients’ depressive status may alter the relationship between eHealth literacy and SSDM. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Ethics and Total Worker Health®: Constructs for Ethical Decision-Making and Competencies for Professional Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10030
Author(s):  
Bonnie Rogers ◽  
Anita L. Schill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Worker Health ◽  
Total Worker Health

Work has become increasingly technologically driven and fast paced, with long work hours, new/emerging hazards, and rising health care costs. Threats to worker safety, health, and well-being including non-traditional work arrangements and practices, precarious work, uncertain hazardous exposures, and work organization issues, such as heavy workloads, design of work, uneven work hours, and difficult interpersonal relationships among workers and managers are apparent. Furthermore, the relationship between personal health risk factors and workplace risks and exposures has drawn increased attention and concern. As employer economic pressures continue to build, it is anticipated that ethical dilemmas for practitioners will become increasingly complex. A review of relevant Total Worker Health (TWH) literature, related ethical constructs and competencies, an examination of codes of ethics for occupational safety and health and health promotion/education disciplines was conducted. A case study for TWH utilizing an ethical decision-making model for the analysis of key ethical issues and solutions was completed. TWH approaches to protecting safety, promoting health, and advancing well-being are increasingly being adopted. These approaches can reveal ethical dilemmas, and ethical constructs are needed to guide decision-making. A core set of proposed ethical competencies for TWH professionals are identified as a transdisciplinary framework to support workplace ethical culture.

scholarly journals From taking to using medication: recovery-focused prescribing and medicines management

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Baker ◽  
Jason Fee ◽  
Louise Bovingdon ◽  
Tina Campbell ◽  
Elaine Hewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Psychiatric Practice ◽  
Medicines Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recovery Tools

SummaryMental health services are increasingly supporting recovery-oriented practice as a basis for service delivery. There is considerable overlap between the values and approaches associated with recovery-based practice and those already endorsed as good psychiatric practice. However, these agreed principles may not be consistently applied and further steps may be needed if the reorientation of the relationship between psychiatrists and people using psychiatric services is to fully reflect recovery principles. This article describes ways in which psychiatric practice could develop, including conceptualising medication as one of many possible recovery tools that a person can actively use to support their well-being, and a range of practices available to professionals to support people in taking up an active stance in relation to medication. It also identifies recovery-supportive practices for when someone is unable to fully participate in decision-making, owing to crisis, loss of capacity or concerns about safety.

Integrating social well being into assessments of water policy: meeting the challenge for decision makers

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey J. Syme ◽  
Natasha B. Porter ◽  
Ute Goeft ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kington
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
The Relationship

There is growing concern that sustainable natural resources management is not being achieved because of the lack of integration of social analysis in decision making. Following the economic philosophy of analysis of the value of water at the catchment scale adopted by Hoekstra, Savenije and Chapagain (2001, Integrated Assessment, 2, 199–208), in this paper we discuss the relationship between economic and social factors. It is concluded that a large degree of natural integration between social and economic factors exists, but that there are also some social variables that require separate consideration. The social context of water in catchment management and the range of social variables that need consideration in any adequate analysis are defined. We identify a need for a metric that can include commensurate judgements of social, economic and environmental benefits on a single scale and identifies the challenges that this scale will need to meet. Finally, it is suggested that the simplest way to include social variables in decision making is the employment of psychometric techniques that can measure subjective well being and preferably the relationship between its components. The major obstacle to incorporating such data in decision making will be the need for a cultural change in accepting that subjective measures can play a major role in policy evaluation.

The dark side of the pressure exerted by loyalty programs on consumers: Practical and ethical issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Pez ◽  
Raphaëlle Butori ◽  
Aïda Mimouni-Chaabane
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
Program Characteristics ◽  
Perceived Pressure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Despite its virtuous effect on consumption level and frequency of purchase, the pressure that loyalty programs exert on consumers can also be detrimental to their psychological well-being. Through three studies ( N = 461), we show that perceived pressure increases feelings of regret and discomfort in the relationship, and decreases consumer well-being. The perceived value of the program positively moderates these effects. We also evaluate the impact of three program characteristics likely to generate pressure: the points expiration deadline, the points threshold to obtain the benefit, and possible demotion to a lower status. Only demotion to a lower status appears to exert significant pressure. Our findings highlight the trade-off that managers need to find between the quantitative performance of their loyalty programs and their impact on customers’ well-being.

scholarly journals Environmental Education And Metaethics

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 185-197
Author(s):  
Owen Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Environmentally Responsible

AbstractContrā Dale Jamieson, the study of the metaethical foundations of environmental ethics may well lead students to a more environmentally responsible way of life. For although metaethics is rarely decisive in decision making and action, there are two kinds of circumstances in which it can play a crucial role in our practical decisions. First, decisions that have unusual features do not summon habitual ethical reactions, and hence invite the application of ethical precepts that the study of metaethics and ethical theory isolate and clarify. Second, there are times in which the good of others (including organisms and systems in the natural world) may well be given greater weight in one's ethical deliberations if theory has made clear that the good to be promoted is ontologically independent of one's own good.

Inclusive Aspects of Urban Design: Sociability, Walkability and Overall Ambiance

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneela YASEEN
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
The Public ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
The Relationship

Urban design is a multifaceted process that interfaces various aspects, extending from community physical activity and health improvement to social and environmental fields. An efficient urban design requires understanding of ideas, paradigms, and research from many dimensions of knowledge, i.e. anthropology, sociology, engineering, architecture, and urban planning. The debate in this paper is based on the fact that the sociability of a society is dependent on its urban design prototype. A systemic urban design increases the opportunity for walkability, sequentially enhancing the probability of real-time social interaction. Such an urban ambiance plays a significant role in human physical and mental well-being and their behaviors. The aspects of urban space, such as sociability, walkability and overall ambiance, are appraised according to the published literature. This paper aims at collecting the already proven specifics in one piece of writing to open up avenues for further research and establish the inclusive aspects of urban design. The literature from the final decade of the 20th century to contemporary works has been considered for this instance. The research concludes that interdisciplinary engagement and participation of the public in decision-making for urban design are necessary. It recommends further exploration of the relationship of sociability, walkability and urban ambiance, and their correlation with human well-being.

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