Genocide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn C.A. Meshelemiah ◽  
Raven E. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Civilized World

Genocides have persisted around the world for centuries, yet the debate persists about what intentions and subsequent actions constitute an actual genocide. As a result, some crimes against humanity, targeted rape campaigns, and widespread displacement of marginalized groups of people around the globe have not been formally recognized as a genocide by world powers while others have. The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide set out to provide clarity about what constituted a genocide and the corresponding expected behaviors of nations that bear witness to it. Still, even with this United Nations document in place, there remains some debate about genocides. The United States, a superpower on the world stage, did not sign on to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide until 1988 due to a belief that its participation was not necessary as a civilized world leader that had its own checks and balances. More genocides have taken place since the enactment of this 1948 legislation. Genocides that have taken place pre- and post-1948 affirm the need for nations around the world to agree to a set of behaviors that protect targeted groups of people from mass destruction and prescribe punishment for those who perpetrate such atrocities. Although it may seem that identifying genocidal behaviors toward a group of people would be clear and convincing based on witnesses and/or deaths of targeted members, history has shown this not to be the case time and time again. Perpetrators tend to deny such behaviors or claim innocence in the name of self-defense. Regardless of any acknowledgment of wrongdoing, genocides are the world’s greatest crime against humanity.

Rescue or Return: The Fate of the Iraqi Jewish Archive

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
World War ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

AbstractShortly following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, an American mobile exploitation team was diverted from its mission in hunting for weapons for mass destruction to search for an ancient Talmud in the basement of Saddam Hussein's secret police (Mukhabarat) headquarters in Baghdad. Instead of finding the ancient holy book, the soldiers rescued from the basement flooded with several feet of fetid water an invaluable archive of disparate individual and communal documents and books relating to one of the most ancient Jewish communities in the world. The seizure of Jewish cultural materials by the Mukhabarat recalled similar looting by the Nazis during World War II. The materials were spirited out of Iraq to the United States with a vague assurance of their return after being restored. Several years after their arrival in the United States for conservation, the Iraqi Jewish archive has become contested cultural property between Jewish groups and the Iraqi Jewish diaspora on the one hand and Iraqi cultural officials on the other. This article argues that the archive comprises the cultural property and heritage of the Iraqi Jewish diaspora.

scholarly journals Present and Future of the Green Turtle

Oryx ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Tom Harrisson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Name ◽  
Civilized World

“The most valuable reptile in the world”, is how American Professor Archie Carr describes the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Unfortunately, this value is reflected again in the great reptile's alternative common name “the Edible Turtle”. Under the richly ironic scientific name of mydas, this ponderous marine has poured its rich juices into centuries of banquets proffered by the Lord Mayor of London or President of the United States. Genuine turtle soup is still a top status symbol in upper-class diet through most of the civilized world—except South-east Asia.

OPEC is Acting in Self-Defense

Worldview ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Loring Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

AbstractTwo hundred oil specialists from around the world met in Vienna late last fall to talk with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC. As owners of two-thirds of world oil reserves and seven-eighths of oil exports, OPEC's members can make the future they want come true. Their conference in Venezuela last month only confirms this.OPEC's headquarters is a squat, square building along the Danube Canal almost in the shadow of St. Stephen's Cathedral. Thirty-five countries sent official representatives, and though the United States sought no invitation, twenty Americans were on hand—about half from oil companies, the others researchers and scholars. The speeches were somber, even gloomy, reflecting troubled waters ahead.

Iraq: The Shifting Sands of Preemptive Self-Defense

2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Sapiro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
Bush Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
September 11 Terrorist Attacks

The United States articulated a new concept of preventive self-defense last fall that is designed to preclude emerging threats from endangering the country. Rising like a phoenix from the ashes of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the preventive approach to national security is intended to respond to new threats posed by “shadowy networks of individuals [who] can bring great chaos and suffering to our shores for less than it costs to purchase a single tank.” The Bush administration wisely concluded that it could not rely solely upon a reactive security posture, due to the difficulty in deterring potential attacks by those determined to challenge the United States and the magnitude of harm that could occur from weapons of mass destruction falling into the wrong hands. Although the administration has characterized its new approach as “preemptive,” it is more accurate to describe it as “preventive” self-defense. Rather than trying to preempt specific, imminent tiireats, the goal is to prevent more generalized threats from materializing.

scholarly journals David Hare’s Stuff Happens a Dramatic Journey of American War on Iraq

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Elaff Ganim Salih ◽  
Hardev Kaur ◽  
Mohamad Fleih Hassan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Bush Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Verbatim Theatre ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

The war launched by America and its allies against the country of Iraq on 2003 was a debatable and notorious war for the public opinion was shocked with the realization that the reasons for launching the war under the title ‘Iraq’s Mass Destruction Weapons’ were false. The tragic consequences of this war led many writers around the world to question the policy of the United States and its manipulation of facts to justify their narratives. The present study examines the American policy of invading Iraq in David Hare’s Stuff Happens. It investigates Hare’s technique of combining documentary realism with imaginative reconstruction of the arguments to dramatize the American Invasion of Iraq. Stuff Happens is a historical and political play written as a verbatim theatre. It depicts the backroom deals and political maneuvers of the Bush administration in justifying their campaign against the ‘Axis of Evil’ culminated by the war against Iraq. The verbatim theatre is the best way of showing the gap between ‘what is said and what is seen to be done’. Scenes of direct speeches by real characters are part of this theatre dramatized to present a new reading of a historical event. In addition, characterization is used by Hare’s to chronicle the American war on Iraq. The study follows a postcolonial framework. The study concludes that Hare’s Stuff Happens succeeded in shaking the public opinion with the truth that Bush’s administration has manipulated facts in order to achieve their colonial and imperial interests in Iraq, which led to more destruction and violence in this country.

scholarly journals Time and the Bibliographer: A Meditation on the Spirit of Book Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-206
Author(s):  
Matt Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Studies ◽  
Native People ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
The World ◽  
Book Studies

In light of the global return of tribalism, racism, nationalism, and religious hypocrisy to power’s center stage, it is worth returning to the question of the relevance of bibliography. It is a time when, at least at the seats of power in the United States and some other places, books seem to have become almost meaningless. Bibliographic pioneer D.F. McKenzie’s strategy was not to constrain bibliography in self-defense, but to expand it, to go on the offense. What is our course? This essay explores bibliography’s past in order to suggest ways in which it can gain from an engagement with the methods and motivating concerns of Indigenous studies. The study of books has often functioned within a colonialist set of assumptions about its means and its ends, but at the same time, having been at times in something of a marginalized position themselves in their professions, its practitioners have developed unique tools, passions, and intellectual focuses with decolonial potential. That unusual “spirit”, in dialogue with Native people and Indigenous ideas — about media, about what constitutes a “process”, and about the historical and political meanings of recorded forms — may be key to transforming the imagination of the study of books and to enriching its place in the world.

scholarly journals Crímenes contra la humanidad en el cómic periodístico de Joe Sacco: el caso de “Días de destrucción, días de revuelta” = Crimes against humanity in Joe Sacco’s comic journalism: the case of “Days of destruction, days of revolt”

2017 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Inés González Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

<p>Joe Sacco se ha labrado un nombre como periodista gráfico por sus cómics autobiográficos acerca de la vida cotidiana en zonas de conflicto de diferentes partes del mundo. Sin embargo, en <em>Días de destrucción, días de revuelta, </em>se enfrenta al doble desafío de ilustrar el texto de Chris Hedges y de dar testimonio mediante el lenguaje del cómic de los crímenes contra la humanidad que se perpetran cada día en Estados Unidos en nombre del progreso económico.</p><p>Joe Sacco has made a name for himself as a graphic journalist for his autobiographical comics<br />about everyday life in conflict zones in different parts of the world. However, in <em>Days of destruction, days</em><br /><em>of revolt</em>, he faces the challenge of both illustrating Chris Hedges’ text and using the language of comics<br />to testify to the crimes against humanity that are perpetrated every day in the United States in the name<br />of economic progress.<br /><br /></p>

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

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