5. Metropolis and megaregion

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Carl Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Regional Activity ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The World

“Megalopolis and megaregion" outlines what happens when cities and conurbations merge. Both terms are used to describe clustered multi-city regions in America and elsewhere. City plans since 1900 have focused on efficiency and connection, and local governments struggle to keep up with urban growth. Cities around the world have implemented plans to contain the outward spread of urban development, protecting greenbelts, green centers, and woodlands. These merged cities have led to larger-scale thinking for planners, but city planning remains a local and regional activity, with planners working with local authorities and aiming to improve people’s everyday lives.

scholarly journals The Process of Shrinkage as a Challenge to Urban Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz ◽  
Emilia Jaroszewska
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Regeneration Strategies

Abstract For many decades most researchers, planners and local authorities have been focusing almost exclusively on urban growth and its socio-economic and spatial consequences. However, in the current debate concerning the future of cities and regions in Europe the process of their shrinkage starts to attract more attention. In the conditions of a declining population, urban governance is an important challenge for local authorities, being usually much more difficult than during the periods of population growth. The experience of cities affected by shrinkage shows that there is no simple method of counteracting negative consequences of this process. Regeneration strategies vary a lot, depending mostly on the way the problem is perceived by both central and local governments. The strategies can either choose an adaptive approach (the acceptance of shrinkage and adjustment to it), or attempt to renew growth (shrinkage is treated as just a temporary phenomenon). Quite often the problem is ignored and no action is taken at all. In the paper the authors discuss the conditions and consequences of different approaches towards the process of shrinkage and present examples of regeneration strategies (together with their assessment). They conclude with recommendations for future urban policies.

Editorial: An Expedition into Architecture and Urbanism of the Global South

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Ashraf M. Salama ◽  
David Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Global South ◽  
Place Making ◽  
Place Management ◽  
Architectural Production ◽  
The World

The nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia are collectively known as the Global South, which includes practically 157 of a total of 184 recognized states in the world according to United Nations reports. Metaphorically, it can be argued that most of the efforts in architectural production, city planning, place making, place management, and urban development are taking place in the Global South and will continue to be so over the next several decades.

scholarly journals Experimental Governance and Urban Planning Futures: Five Strategic Functions for Municipalities in Local Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Erica Eneqvist ◽  
Andrew Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
First Century ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

Experimental governance is increasingly being implemented in cities around the world through laboratories, testbeds, platforms, and innovation districts to address a wide range of complex sustainability challenges. Experiments often involve public-private partnerships and triple helix collaborations with the municipality as a key stakeholder. This stretches the responsibilities of local authorities beyond conventional practices of policymaking and regulation to engage in more applied, collaborative, and recursive forms of planning. In this article, we examine how local authorities are involved in experimental governance and how this is influencing their approach to urban development. We are specifically interested in the multiple strategic functions that municipalities play in experimental governance and the broader implications to existing urban planning practices and norms. We begin the article by developing an analytic framework of the most common strategic functions of municipalities in experimental governance and then apply this framework to Stockholm, a city that has embraced experimental governance as a means to realise its sustainability ambitions. Our findings reveal how the strategic functions of visioning, facilitating, supporting, amplifying, and guarding are producing new opportunities and challenges to urban planning practices in twenty-first century cities.

scholarly journals Prediction of Global Spread of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review and Research Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloni Shah ◽  
Aos Mulahuwaish ◽  
Kayhan Ghafoor ◽  
Halgurd S. Maghdid
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Novel Virus

<p>Since the initial reports of the Coronavirus surfacing in Wuhan, China; the novel virus currently without a cure has spread like a wildfire across the globe. The virus spread exponentially across all inhabited continent; catching local governments by surprise in many cases and bringing the world economy to a standstill. As local authorities work on a response to deal with the virus, the scientific community has stepped in to help analyse and predict the pattern and conditions that would influence the spread of this unforgiving virus. Using existing statistical modelling tools to latest AI technology; the scientific community has used public and privately available data to help with predictions. A lot of this data research has enabled local authorities to plan their response – whether that is to deploy tightly available medical resources like ventilators or how and when to enforce policies to social distance including lockdowns. On one hand, this paper shows what accuracy of research brings to enable fighting this disease; while on the other hand it also shows what lack of response from local authorities can do in spreading this virus. This is our attempt in compiling different research methods and comparing their accuracy in predicting the spread of COVID-19.</p>

scholarly journals Stages in the configuration of urban form in urban development planning: the emerging role of open spaces as sustainability mechanism. The case of Valladolid (Spain)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Fernández-Maroto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Definition Of

Along the last five decades and through three different stages, the urban development plans —general plans— of Valladolid, a medium-sized Spanish city, show an interesting evolution in the way of configuring the global urban form and controlling urban development that we can also find in other similar Spanish cities. In the sixties and seventies, plans proposed “autonomous” expansive schemes foreseeing a huge rate of urban growth, so they defined wide areas to be urbanised through new transport infrastructures and typical zoning mechanisms. In the eighties, after decay in urban and economic development and during the transition to democracy, the new local governments focused on the existing city and fostered a more controlled urban growth. However, plans continued to employ the same tools to manage future urban form —definition of transport infrastructures and sectors to be urbanised—, although they looked for more “controllable” forms, such as radio-concentric ones, aiming at a gradual and homogeneous implementation —compact city—. When real-estate market recovered in early nineties, this strategy revealed its weaknesses: fragmented urban fringe and tendency to a congestive model, reinforced when a new generation of expansive plans drove these schemes out of the limits they were conceived with. However, an alternative and more sustainable model had already emerged, as some new urban planning tools proposed a change of perspective: managing global urban form not through future urbanised spaces, but through open ones, generating an “empty” network able to give coherence to the whole urban structure in a metropolitan scale.

scholarly journals Activities of Local Government Bodies to Ensure the Liveliness of the Volyn Population During the World War I

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Tsetsyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Military Units

The aim of the article is clarification of the role of local self-government bodies of Volyn in providing the population of the region with basic necessities and fuel during the World War I. The author analyzes a set of measures taken by Zemstvos and municipal authorities to address vital issues. Methodology of the research is based on the use of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, and generalization), statistical method, special historical (chronological and historical and systemic) in combination with the principles of historicism, objectivity, and multifactorial. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author finds out the different directions of activity of the local authorities of Volyn to provide the population of the region with food, fuel, and basic necessities during the World War І. Particular attention is paid to highlighting their role in rebuilding the infrastructure of the frontline settlements of the region liberated in 1916. Conclusions. During the World War I the city self-government bodies and Zemstva solved many tasks not inherent in them. The front-line and later front-line status of the Volyn province forced them to become actively involved in providing food to the townspeople to oppose the export of food from the front-line counties in order to purchase and deliver fuel to the cities, and to provide assistance to evacuees and refugees. In the settlements liberated in 1916 from the Austro-Hungarian and German troops they faced with a difficult epidemiological situation, lack of funds to address important issues. The fact that a huge number of military units were stationed in the region the implementation of the tasks became much more difficult. The most local authorities could count on from the imperial authorities was to obtain loans to support the livelihoods of the region’s cities. The above circumstances together have led to a deterioration in the living standards of the population, especially the poor. Despite the active work of local governments at the end of 1916 in Volhyn, the socio-economic situation deteriorated sharply. In 1916, the frontline settlements of the region.

scholarly journals Perspective directions of improvement of management of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Ukraine on the example of the developed countries of the world

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Budget Policy

Introduction. In any state, due to the existence of an administrative-territorial division, there are relations between public authorities of different levels in the budgetary sphere. The main task of organizing and managing inter-budgetary relations is to provide state guarantees at a certain minimum acceptable level throughout the territory and all citizens regardless of their place of residence when receiving equal state social services. At present, unfortunately, in Ukraine there is a political inconsistency in the problem of the division of competences and responsibility for the implementation of specific functions of central, regional and local authorities, which negatively affects the processes of redistribution of intergovernmental resources. The financial independence of territorial communities can not be based without a clear distribution of tax revenues, spending powers between levels of government, and a mechanism for making financial, independent decisions. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to investigate the mechanisms of implementation of the state budget policy and the model of organization of public administration of budget relations, which are used in economically developed countries of the world in order to determine their specificity, which will enable to effectively regulate the current economic situation in Ukraine. Research results. The current mechanism of budgetary equalization and the model of organization of public administration of budget relations in Ukraine is analyzed. The models of state participation in budget policy of different countries of the world are outlined. The components of the mechanism of management and regulation of interbudgetary relations at the regional level are determined. The economic models of all countries of the world, which can be distinguished from states with a unitary system, where they are noted much more than with the federal system, are investigated. Conclusion. Considering the model of the mechanism of management of inter-budgetary relations, one can conclude that there is no definite model acceptable to all countries of the world. The construction of a specific mechanism is based on the level of decentralization of the budget and taxation system, the scope of the powers of local authorities, the political choice between efficiency and equality, the depth and degree of disproportion between administrative and territorial units. The most effective model of intergovernmental relations in Ukraine can be considered a model, which will use the appropriate level of fiscal independence of local governments with the implementation of unitary, that is, a unified legal framework, the maintenance of a unified accounting, budget classification and management of budgetary relations.

scholarly journals Prediction of Global Spread of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review and Research Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloni Shah ◽  
Aos Mulahuwaish ◽  
Kayhan Ghafoor ◽  
Halgurd S. Maghdid
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Novel Virus

<p>Since the initial reports of the Coronavirus surfacing in Wuhan, China; the novel virus currently without a cure has spread like a wildfire across the globe. The virus spread exponentially across all inhabited continent; catching local governments by surprise in many cases and bringing the world economy to a standstill. As local authorities work on a response to deal with the virus, the scientific community has stepped in to help analyse and predict the pattern and conditions that would influence the spread of this unforgiving virus. Using existing statistical modelling tools to latest AI technology; the scientific community has used public and privately available data to help with predictions. A lot of this data research has enabled local authorities to plan their response – whether that is to deploy tightly available medical resources like ventilators or how and when to enforce policies to social distance including lockdowns. On one hand, this paper shows what accuracy of research brings to enable fighting this disease; while on the other hand it also shows what lack of response from local authorities can do in spreading this virus. This is our attempt in compiling different research methods and comparing their accuracy in predicting the spread of COVID-19.</p>

Bringing the Real World of Science to Children: A Partnership of the American Museum of Natural History and the City University of New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G Picciano ◽  
Robert V. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Every child has a right to an education. In the United States, the issue is not necessarily about access to a school but access to a quality education. With strict compulsory education laws, more than 50 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools, and billions of dollars spent annually on public and private education, American children surely have access to buildings and classrooms. However, because of a complex and competitive system of shared policymaking among national, state, and local governments, not all schools are created equal nor are equal education opportunities available for the poor, minorities, and underprivileged. One manifestation of this inequity is the lack of qualified teachers in many urban and rural schools to teach certain subjects such as science, mathematics, and technology. The purpose of this article is to describe a partnership model between two major institutions (The American Museum of Natural History and The City University of New York) and the program designed to improve the way teachers are trained and children are taught and introduced to the world of science. These two institutions have partnered on various projects over the years to expand educational opportunity especially in the teaching of science. One of the more successful projects is Seminars on Science (SoS), an online teacher education and professional development program, that connects teachers across the United States and around the world to cutting-edge research and provides them with powerful classroom resources. This article provides the institutional perspectives, the challenges and the strategies that fostered this partnership.

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