The Status of Oiled Wildlife Preparedness and Response in the NOWPAP Region

and introduction The Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response Regional Activity Centre (MERRAC) is one of four Regional Activity Centres of the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP). It was adopted in 1994 as a Regional Seas Programme of UNEP by the People's Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation and is responsible for regional co-operation on marine pollution preparedness and response in the NOWPAP region. The shipping density has been growing greatly in the NOWPAP region due to the high level of industrial and economic development of the NOWPAP member states and consequently, the region has been severely exposed to oil spills. Oil spill incidents were identified as one of the threatening elements to the marine environment and coastal biota, especially, birds and marine mammals that live mostly near the coast. Objective: We collected existing data on oiled wildlife including relevant response techniques for rescuing, relevant national laws/policies and guidelines concerning response of the oiled wildlife from the NOWPAP Member States to mitigate the damage on the oiled wildlife. Based upon the reviews, we be identified weaknesses and challenges on oiled wildlife issues in the region, suggesting the possible future action plan to taken by NOWPAP members.

The neural bases of resilient semantic system: evidence of variable neuro-displacement in cognitive systems

The purpose of this study was to explore an important research goal in cognitive and clinical neuroscience: What are the neurocomputational mechanisms that make cognitive systems “well engineered” and thus resilient across a range of performance demands and to mild levels of perturbation or even damage? A new hypothesis called ‘variable neuro-displacement’ suggests that cognitive systems are formed with dynamic, spare processing capacity, which balances energy consumption against performance requirements and can be resilient to changes in performance demands. Here, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the neural dynamics of the semantic system by manipulating performance demand. The performance demand was manipulated with two levels of task difficulty (easy vs. hard) in two different ways (stimulus type and response timing). We found that the demanding semantic processing increased regional activity in both the domain-specific semantic representational system (anterior temporal lobe) and the parallel executive control networks (prefrontal, posterior temporal, and parietal regions). Functional connectivity between these regions was also increased during demanding semantic processing and these increases were related to better semantic task performance. Our results suggest that semantic cognition is made resilient by flexible, dynamic changes including increased regional activity and functional connectivity across both domain-specific and domain-general systems. It reveals the intrinsic resilience-related mechanisms of semantic cognition, mimicking alterations caused by perturbation or brain damage. Our findings provide a strong implication that the intrinsic mechanisms of a well-engineered semantic system might be attributed to the compensatory functional alterations in the impaired brain.

KAJIAN STANDAR PELAYANAN MINIMAL (SPM) BIDANG JALAN DI KABUPATEN NAGAN RAYA

As one of the district that engage on the agriculture and plantation sector, Nagan Raya needs to be supported the facilities and infrastructure correspondingly, quality of transportation, and appropiate in MSS that mobility of goods and services can run smoothly. Anonymous (2015) had been defining of the planned local activity center ( LAC), regional activity center (RAC), Environment service center ( ESC), and classification of system network road. The purpose of this research are to evaluate the practice MSS of road field in Nagan Raya, to specify MSS of road field based on connectivity indicator between region that accordance with SP in Nagan Raya, and also to evaluate fulfillment Minimum Service Standard of road field based on presentation indicator of road condition level in Nagan Raya. This reasearch conducted with collecting the datas that are Hamlet Neighbour book in Nagan Raya, condition data, and DFAA. The use of connectivity MSS on 2015 in Padang Rubek - Lueng Baro is 91,29 percent, Babussalam – Lueng Baro is 91, 78 percent, and Alue Bilie – Lueng Baro is 90,4 percent. The value of roadcondition by made the survey of road condition with visual method categorized at good (B), and medium (S) with each amount are 90,78 percent, and 9,22 percent. The value of road condition by made the survey of specific road condition categorized at good in the amount is 96, 51 percent, medium in the amount is 1,94 percent, and lightly damaged in the amount is 1,55 percent. The compliance of road field in Nagan Raya by made survey of specific road condition in the amount is 164,10 percent, meanwhile on the survey of road condition in visual method in the amount is 166,67 percent

5. Metropolis and megaregion

“Megalopolis and megaregion" outlines what happens when cities and conurbations merge. Both terms are used to describe clustered multi-city regions in America and elsewhere. City plans since 1900 have focused on efficiency and connection, and local governments struggle to keep up with urban growth. Cities around the world have implemented plans to contain the outward spread of urban development, protecting greenbelts, green centers, and woodlands. These merged cities have led to larger-scale thinking for planners, but city planning remains a local and regional activity, with planners working with local authorities and aiming to improve people’s everyday lives.