Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Essi Viding
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Genetic Condition ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Key Questions

The Introduction explains that we now understand psychopathy as a personality disorder characterized by lack of empathy and guilt, manipulation of other people, a tendency to make bafflingly destructive life choices, and, in the case of criminal psychopathy, capacity for premeditated violent behaviour. It highlights that recent research into psychopathy has provided much information, but a lot also remains a mystery and a focus of continued research efforts. Key questions to be considered in the chapters that follow include: Is psychopathy a genetic condition? Do people become psychopaths because of their childhood experiences? How can we understand their behaviour? What are the warning signs of someone who is at risk of developing psychopathy? Can psychopathy be prevented or treated? Are all psychopaths criminals?

scholarly journals Childhood maltreatment, personality vulnerability profiles, and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Daniela Marchetti ◽  
Pasquale Musso ◽  
Maria Cristina Verrocchio ◽  
Giovanna Manna ◽  
Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Personality Vulnerability ◽  
Personality Vulnerabilities

Abstract Adverse childhood experiences are significant risk factors in the development of adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms (BPDs). Theorists have posited that two personality vulnerabilities factors, self-criticism and dependency, may inform our understanding of this relationship. However, no research has examined the associations between early negative experiences, personality vulnerabilities, and adolescent BPDs. The current study aimed to identify profiles of dependency and self-criticism to examine the associations of these profiles with cumulative forms of childhood maltreatment (CM) and BPDs as well as to explore the mediating and moderating role of vulnerable personality profiles in the relationship between cumulative CM and BPDs. Two hundred and forty-one nonclinical and clinical adolescents participated in the study (Mage = 16.37, SD = 1.84). The findings indicated three different profiles: average dependent profile, dependent and self-critical profile, and self-critical profile. Individuals in the average dependent profile presented lower levels of CM and BPDs. Mediation analyses showed that relative to the average dependent profile, a higher cumulative CM history predicted a higher probability of belonging in the dependent and self-critical profile or the self-critical profile and, in turn, this was associated with higher levels of BPDs. No moderating effects of profiles of dependency and self-criticism were found.

scholarly journals VIOLENT CRIMES AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN YOUNG OFFENDERS AT BLITAR JUVENILE DETENTION CENTRE

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-401
Author(s):  
Jessica Shirleen Wilona ◽  
Yusti Probowati Rahayu ◽  
Ayuni Ayuni
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Detention Center ◽  
Examination Result ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Violent crimes yield to fear and unsafe feelings have been also done by children. The General Strain theory explained that violence was occurred due to the criminal coping of individuals, who experienced the situation of pressures that yield into anger which might be developed into violent behaviour. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) is a form of pressure within the family that might contribute to criminal coping. This research was aimed at investigating the differences of ACE on violent crimes and non-violent crimes. Participants of this study were 58 out of 213 boy offenders aged 12-18 years old in the Juvenile Detention Center in Blitar. These participants were chosen by the accidental sampling method based on the type of cases, in which 28 boys were on violent crimes (robbery, child protection, murder, and beating), while 30 boys were on non-violent crimes (theft and drug abuses). The measurement used was the ACE scale, applied with some modifications. The reliability coefficient of the ACE scale was .843. Data were analysed using a non-parametric method, which was the Mann-Whitney U. The examination of mean rank and the effect size of this study showed that ACE was higher on violent crimes, even though this result was not supported by the hypothesis examination result, which was not significant (U = 3.47, p = .129). It could be concluded that ACE on the violent crimes group tended to be higher compared to the non-violent crimes group.

scholarly journals Engagement Complications of Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder: Navigating Through a Zone of Turbulence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyne Desrosiers ◽  
Micheline St-Jean ◽  
Lise Laporte ◽  
Marie-Michèle Lord
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Constructivist Grounded Theory ◽  
Grounded Theory Method

Abstract Objective: Premature treatment discontinuation is a widespread phenomenon in child and adolescent mental health services that impacts treatment benefits and costs of care. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are heavy users of health care services and notoriously difficult to engage in treatment. However, there is hardly any data regarding this phenomenon with these youths. Considering that BPD treatment is associated with intense and chaotic therapeutic processes, exploring barriers emerging in the course of treatment could be relevant. Thus, conceptualizing treatment dropout as a process evolving from engagement to progressive disengagement, and ultimately to dropout, could highlight the mechanisms involved. The aim of this study was to describe the process of treatment disengagement and identify warning signs that foreshadow dropouts of adolescents with BPD. Method: A constructivist grounded theory method was used. This method has been favoured based on the assumption that the behaviours and decisions leading to disengagement may be better informed by the subjective experience of treatment. Thirty-three interviews were conducted to document 11 treatment trajectories with 3 groups of informants (9 adolescents with BPD 13-17 of age, 11 parents, and 13 clinicians). Results: Well before dropout occurs, different phenomena identified as “engagement complications” characterize the disengagement process. These unfold according to a three-step sequence starting with negative emotions associated with the appropriateness of treatment, the therapeutic relationship or the vicissitudes of treatment. These emotions will then generate treatment interfering attitudes that eventually evolve into openly disengaged behaviours. These complications, which may sometimes go unnoticed, punctuate the progression from treatment engagement to disengagement leading the way towards the development of a “zone of turbulence” which creates a vulnerable and unstable therapeutic process presenting risk for late dropout. Conclusion: Engagement of adolescents with BPD is neither static nor certain, but on the contrary, subject to their fluctuating perceptions. Therefore, it can never be taken for granted. Clinicians must constantly pay attention to emergent signs of engagement complications. Maintaining the engagement of adolescents with BPD should be a therapeutic objective akin to reducing symptomatology or improving psychosocial functioning, and should therefore be given the same attention.

1. How can we know if someone is a psychopath or is at risk of becoming one?

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
Essi Viding
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
The Difference

What are individuals with psychopathy like and what are their defining features? ‘How can we know if someone is a psychopath or is at risk of becoming one?’ considers two case studies to give an idea of the developmental course of criminal psychopathy and what psychopathic personality traits look like. It discusses the Psychopathy Checklist, developed by Robert Hare in the 1980s, and explains the difference between antisocial personality disorder, sociopathy, and psychopathy. Research has shown that whether we look at criminal psychopaths, individuals with high levels of psychopathic traits in the general population, or children who are at risk of developing psychopathy, similar patterns of brain function and information processing are seen.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Outcomes among At-Risk Spanish-Speaking Latino Families

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1221-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. LaBrenz ◽  
Lisa S. Panisch ◽  
Jennifer Lawson ◽  
Amber L. Borcyk ◽  
Beth Gerlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Latino Families ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Adverse Childhood

scholarly journals Experiences of women living with borderline personality disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ntshingila ◽  
M. Poggenpoel ◽  
C. P.H. Myburgh ◽  
A. Temane
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Contextual Study ◽  
Experiences Of Women

There is limited understanding of the experiences of women living with borderline personality disorder. It was therefore decided to discover how women living with this disorder would tell their life story. For the researcher, who worked in a psychotherapy ward where most women were living with borderline personality disorder, the care of these women was of vital importance, as they were less understood by mental health care providers.The research aimed to explore and describe the experiences of women living with borderline personality disorder. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual study design was used. Data was collected through in-depth phenomenological interviews that focused on the central question, “Tell me your life story”. Eight participants living with borderline personality disorder were interviewed. Tesch's method for data analysis was used (Creswell, 2009:186), along with an independent coder. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical principles were applied throughout the research. From the findings obtained by means of the interviews of women living with borderline personality disorder, it was evident that there were childhood experiences of living in an unsafe space, related to unhealthy family dynamics, boundary violations and educational challenges. They experienced chronic feelings of emptiness in their relationships with theself. They also presented with a pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships and compromised mental health, which was apparent through the early on set of mental problems, emotional upheaval, looking for emotional escape and having different triggerfactors. Lastly, all these women yearned for facilitated mental health.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy patients: are they “the worried well”?

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Amies
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Completed Suicide

Patients waiting for psychotherapy show high levels of morbidity and distress from psychiatric symptoms and a high frequency of personality disorder diagnoses. They constitute a group at risk of completed suicide. Local NHS provision is less than half the minimum amount of treatment needed.

scholarly journals The application of predictive analytics to identify at-risk students in health professions education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anshul Kumar ◽  
Roger A. Edwards ◽  
Lisa Walker
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Physician Assistant ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
One Year ◽  
Certifying Examination ◽  
Leave One Out

Introduction: When a learner fails to reach a milestone, educators often wonder if there had been any warning signs that could have allowed them to intervene sooner. Machine learning is used to predict which students are at risk of failing a national certifying exam. Predictions are made well in advance of the exam, such that educators can meaningfully intervene before students take the exam.Methods: Using already-collected, first-year student assessment data from four cohorts in a Master of Physician Assistant Studies program, the authors implement an "adaptive minimum match" version of the k-nearest neighbors algorithm (AMMKNN), using changing numbers of neighbors to predict each student's future exam scores on the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination (PANCE). Leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) was used to evaluate the practical capabilities of this model, before making predictions for new students. Results: The best predictive model has an accuracy of 93%, sensitivity of 69%, and specificity of 94%. It generates a predicted PANCE score for each student, one year before they are scheduled to take the exam. Students can then be prospectively categorized into groups that need extra support, optional extra support, or no extra support. The educator then has one year to provide the appropriate customized support to each type of student. Conclusions: Predictive analytics can help health professions educators allocate scarce time and resources across their students. Interprofessional educators can use the included methods and code to generate predicted test outcomes for students. The authors recommend that educators using this or similar predictive methods act responsibly and transparently.

Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Sexual Offenders: Associations With Sexual Recidivism Risk and Psychopathology

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107906322097003
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Kahn ◽  
Krystine Jackson ◽  
Kerry Keiser ◽  
Gina Ambroziak ◽  
Jill S. Levenson
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Family Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Recidivism ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Sexual Offenses ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are increasingly recognized as a public health crisis. Cumulative effects of these experiences lead to a wide range of deleterious physical and psychological outcomes. Prior research has identified higher prevalence rates of ACEs and increased criminal behavior in samples of individuals who have committed sexual offenses. In a sample of civilly committed individuals who have committed sexual offenses ( N = 317), we examined the prevalence of ACEs (cumulative scores and the two components of child harm and family dysfunction) and their association with risk for sexual recidivism and adult psychopathology. ACEs were much more prevalent in this sample compared with the general population and to lower risk samples of individuals who had committed sexual offenses. Although ACE scores were unrelated to risk for sexual recidivism, higher ACE scores were associated with increased risk of psychopathology, including anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, substance use disorders, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. ACEs related to family dysfunction were uniquely associated with Alcohol Use Disorder and the presence of a dual diagnosis of a paraphilia and personality disorder. Results suggest that higher risk individuals who commit sexual offenses may have greater need for trauma-informed models of care that recognize the effect of these experiences on their mental health and offense-related behavior.

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