The effectiveness of nudging: A meta-analysis of choice architecture interventions across behavioral domains

Over the past decade, choice architecture interventions or so-called nudges have received widespread attention from both researchers and policy makers. Built on insights from the behavioral sciences, this class of behavioral interventions focuses on the design of choice environments that facilitate personally and socially desirable decisions without restricting people in their freedom of choice. Drawing on more than 200 studies reporting over 450 effect sizes (n = 2,149,683), we present a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions across techniques, behavioral domains, and contextual study characteristics. Our results show that choice architecture interventions overall promote behavior change with a small to medium effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.45 (95% CI [0.39, 0.52]). In addition, we find that the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions varies significantly as a function of technique and domain. Across behavioral domains, interventions that target the organization and structure of choice alternatives (decision structure) consistently outperform interventions that focus on the description of alternatives (decision information) or the reinforcement of behavioral intentions (decision assistance). Food choices are particularly responsive to choice architecture interventions, with effect sizes up to 2.5 times larger than those in other behavioral domains. Overall, choice architecture interventions affect behavior relatively independently of contextual study characteristics such as the geographical location or the target population of the intervention. Our analysis further reveals a moderate publication bias toward positive results in the literature. We end with a discussion of the implications of our findings for theory and behaviorally informed policy making.

A Contextual Study of Regulatory Framework for Blockchain

This study seeks to understand and explain the technological and regulatory challenges of blockchain technology particularly in execution mechanism of smart contracts as compared to regular contracts and to explore legal implication attached the blockchain technology. While evaluating the early days of regulatory framework of blockchain, the current study provides a focused review of relevant studies to identify the legal challenges arising from the application of AI in smart contracts and to find solutions to overcome these challenges. The study has emphasized certain areas related to the blockchain such as AI application and execution of smart contracts and finds that that there is currently a lack of legal certainty as to how various requirements of a valid contract would be satisfied. Hence, it highlights the need of regulation without disrupting the key yet essential features of blockchain. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart contract, AI, Framework, Legislation, Cryptocurrency

The Use of Drawing as Learning Activity in a Human Anatomy Course: Implications for Learning Scientific Foundation of Nursing

Human anatomy is perceived by health science students and educators to be a burdensome, challenging and labour-intense course. In order to enhance understanding of human anatomy, the use of student-centred approaches is encouraged, of which drawing is included. However, it is not explicitly known how nursing students in Kavango east region experience the use of drawing. This research was conducted to explore and describe the experiences of first-year nursing students from a resource-constraint setting on the use of drawing as a learning activity in a human anatomy course. A qualitative descriptive, explorative, and contextual study was conducted in Kavango east region, Namibia. Data were collected via focus-group interviews with 28 participants who were conveniently selected. A qualitative content analysis was followed, while trustworthiness was ensured according to the four principles of Lincoln and Guba. Ethical clearance and permission were granted by the School of Nursing Research Committee. The ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice were adhered to. The experienced beneficial aspects of drawing are enhancement of course understanding, boosting creativity, and integration of theory into practice. Challenging aspects were related to lacking artistical skills, time constraints, complex and complicated drawings as well as a shortage of materials and learning resources. In order to improve drawing as a learning activity in human anatomy, recommendations were made for nursing students, educators and future researchers.

CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF FAMILY LAW: RETHINKING DIFFERENTIAL ROLES AND POSITIONS OF WOMEN (INDONESIAN COUNCIL OF ULAMA/MUI) IN KEDIRI CITY FAMILIES IN THE PANDEMIC ERA

This research is an effort to affirm the role and position of women in the family who are no longer on the sub-ordinate line. By carrying out a contextual study based on the rules of fiqh legal provisions depend on the god who follows and taghayyur, al-ahkam bi taghayyur al-azminah wa al-amkinah, the research has a significant point. To ensure the validity of this research, the research data is a scientific research method that can be accounted for. The data is extracted through the triangulation method, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The data results were tested for the validity of the data through triangulation of sources and techniques. After the final data, the findings of the study were obtained. Namely, 1) on the economic aspect of the family, women work in a community by developing micro-enterprises; 2) in the social aspect, women provide counselling, socialisation, both online and offline; 3) in the spiritual aspect, women carry out halaqah on family resilience during the pandemic and socialise the MUI fatwa related to vaccination law; 4) in the education aspect, women provide services, education and education to the wider community in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.

Pakeha and River Spirituality: A Contextual Study of the Hutt River

<p>This thesis ... seeks to identify expressions of spirituality that have been evident in Pakeha interaction with and reflection upon the Hutt River since 1840. To achieve this, an historical-contextual approach has been adopted using Claire Wolfteich's premise that 'spirituality must be analysed through a historical-contextual approach which can uncover the contours of a community's spiritual practice in relation to a given time and place.' It is important to note here that the historical-contextual approach does not treat spirituality as purely metaphysical and therefore extraordinary to human experience or history. Instead, it recognizes social context as the very environment in which spirituality is located and found. Using this approach the thesis uncovers expressions of nature spirituality that have been operative in relation to the Hutt River since the arrival of the first European settlers. It demonstrates that a range of these spiritual expressions have always existed, and highlights the way that these spiritualities have been shaped, in varying degrees, by religious, economic, political and aesthetic factors. The evolution, accommodations and adaptations which have occurred amongst expressions of nature spirituality present a scene of diversity, complexity and variegation. Overall, this thesis therefore argues that various expressions of river spirituality are clearly evident in Pakeha interaction and relationships with the Hutt River. These expressions are complex in make up and how they interrelate with each other. River spirituality exists with its own unique set of dynamics within a wider discussion of Pakeha earth centered spirituality. (p. 7)</p>

Pakeha and River Spirituality: A Contextual Study of the Hutt River

<p>This thesis ... seeks to identify expressions of spirituality that have been evident in Pakeha interaction with and reflection upon the Hutt River since 1840. To achieve this, an historical-contextual approach has been adopted using Claire Wolfteich's premise that 'spirituality must be analysed through a historical-contextual approach which can uncover the contours of a community's spiritual practice in relation to a given time and place.' It is important to note here that the historical-contextual approach does not treat spirituality as purely metaphysical and therefore extraordinary to human experience or history. Instead, it recognizes social context as the very environment in which spirituality is located and found. Using this approach the thesis uncovers expressions of nature spirituality that have been operative in relation to the Hutt River since the arrival of the first European settlers. It demonstrates that a range of these spiritual expressions have always existed, and highlights the way that these spiritualities have been shaped, in varying degrees, by religious, economic, political and aesthetic factors. The evolution, accommodations and adaptations which have occurred amongst expressions of nature spirituality present a scene of diversity, complexity and variegation. Overall, this thesis therefore argues that various expressions of river spirituality are clearly evident in Pakeha interaction and relationships with the Hutt River. These expressions are complex in make up and how they interrelate with each other. River spirituality exists with its own unique set of dynamics within a wider discussion of Pakeha earth centered spirituality. (p. 7)</p>

Sanctifying Microstructure in the Qur’anic Discourse: A Contextual Study

This research is an analytical analysis of Surat Al-Baqarah Verse No. 214, with an explanation of its situational context. This study aims to demonstrate the aspects of contextual analysis and its continuous horizons that are provided not only by the macro-structure of discourse, which is represented by default rules and semantics of rhetorical terms, but also by the micro-structure of discourse, which is represented by default rules and semantics of rhetorical terms. We recognize the perspectives, distinctions, and elements that are employed in lighting the discourse to impair the speaker's goals in order to achieve the eloquence of persuasion, communication, and comprehension through the micro-structure of discourse.

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY AS A FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF A METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR TEACHING PHYSICS TO STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL SPECIALTIES OF UNIVERSITIES

For successful professional adaptation in the new socio-economic conditions, it is not enough to train specialists with a so-called «formed and fixed» character and certain qualification. The globalization of the educational space and the desire to ensure the continuity and integrity of learning, determines the diversification of factors in the design of educational programs and methodological systems for studying subject areas, taking into account the needs of labor markets and education. The modern economy requires constant updating of technologies, knowledge, skills and abilities. Their continuous updating is the key to the growth of a specialist’s qualifications. The problem of continuity in lifelong education has many aspects: philosophical, methodological and psychological. In our research, we deliberately limited the area of research into the issue of continuity as a factor in the design of a methodological system for ensuring the fundamental nature and practical conditioning of the needs of society. When moving to a new level of quality, there is a problem of «loss» of the classical fundamentality. The results of our research, aimed at solving this problem, show that the principles of continuity and transdisciplinarity are effective tools for implementing the concept of lifelong education and preserving the fundamentality and modern quality of training engineers of a new formation. The aim of the study is to design a methodological system for implementing the principle of continuity in the process of training future engineers. The principle of continuity in education is considered in the article as a condition for the implementation of the dynamics of knowledge, depending on the content and context of teaching physics in technical specialties of universities. The theoretical result of the research is the implementation of the principle of continuity as a didactic factor in the design of a methodological system for the contextual study of a course of physics in engineering and technical education. In the article, this problem is investigated by analyzing, comparing, systematizing, interpreting various aspects of the problem in the scientific literature and educational practice of universities.

The Varieties of Legal History

This article looks at the different approaches which have been taken in the study of legal history in England and America by both historians in law and history faculties. The pioneer English legal historian was F.W. Maitland, who felt that the skills of the lawyer were needed to understand the legal materials which were the source of much medieval social and economic history. Maitland, who had no wish to use history to explain current doctrine, inspired a generation of medieval historians to look at legal questions. The study of legal history in English law schools was in turn revolutionized by S. F. C Milsom, who felt that the key to legal history was not to apply the skills of the present lawyer to the law of the past, but to attempt to get into the minds of previous generations of lawyers. Following Milson, doctrinal legal history flourished in England. In the United States, a different tradition dominated law schools. Here, the pioneer was J. Willard Hurst, who turned attention away from narrow doctrinal history, to a broader contextual study of law, looking at the operation of law in society. The article discusses the kind of historiography which developed in America after Hurst, before turning to what discuss what role doctrinal legal history can continue to play, both to inform historical and legal debates.