7. Geology for resources

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-104
Author(s):  
Jan Zalasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Level Of Understanding

Humans have been practical geologists since even before our own species, Homo sapiens, walked the Earth. The exploitation of rock-bound resources required a level of understanding of rock composition and structure that remains impressive today. The mining of metals, the extraction of building stone, the engineering of waterways, developed over the centuries. Today, geological materials have become utterly pervasive within our lives. ‘Geology for resources’ considers how geologists seek out these resources from within the crust of our planet, focusing on fossilized hydrocarbons used as energy resources (coal, oil, and gas); the metal extraction process from metal ores; industrial mineralogy; phosphates, essential nutrients in agriculture; and hydrogeology, the study of underground water resources.

Mechanics of Geological Materials

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1256-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
In Situ Conditions

Needed advances in various areas of energy resource recovery, underground construction, earthquake hazard reduction, and conventional and nuclear defense depend critically on the development of improved theories for mechanical and thermal behavior of geological materials. The areas include oil and gas (including off-shore and Arctic production), mining and in situ recovery, geothermal production, nuclear waste isolation, under-ocean tunneling, underground storage, nuclear test containment, and effects of surface explosions. The needed developments, some of which are detailed in earlier National Academy of Science reports, include constitutive theories for inelastic deformation, failure, and post-failure behavior, influence of microstructure and macrostructure, rock fracture (direct breakage, hydraulic fracture explosive fracture), frictional sliding, soil liquefaction, mechanics of ice, determination of in situ conditions, flow through porous media, and thermal effects. Advances in mechanics of geological materials will require adaptation of some established techniques in rheology, metal plasticity, composite materials, mixtures, etc., and also the development of some entirely new ideas and methods. The complicated nature of rocks and soils, the wide ranges of stress, temperature, strain rate, etc., the interactions encountered in geotechnical processes, and the vastly different dimensions and time scales involved, lead to a host of challenging problems in solid mechanics.

Complex Resistivity Method and its Application in Mineral Resource Exploration

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Xin Gong Tang ◽  
Xing Bing Xie ◽  
Liang Jun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Electromagnetic Method ◽  
Complex Resistivity ◽  
West China ◽  
Controlled Source ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Resource Exploration

Complex resistivity (CR) is one of an electromagnetic method which plays an important role in the exploration of oil and gas, underground water as well as solid mineral resources in recent years. Nowadays China is under fast developing and there is still a big gap between the supply and demand of mineral resources. As an effective controlled source electromagnetic method, CR method can be easily used to judge the content of resources, determine the target reservoir and select a favorable drilling area. In this paper, an introduction to CR method and its application in copper mine exploration in west China is present. The result shows that CR is an effective electromagnetic method in the exploration of deep mineral resources.

scholarly journals The Effect of Biodiesel Blends Made from Carica papaya L. Seeds on the Performance of Diesel Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 01009
Author(s):  
Fandi Dwiputra Suprianto ◽  
Willyanto Anggono ◽  
Teng Sutrisno ◽  
Daniel William Gunawan ◽  
Gabriel Jeremy Gotama
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Soxhlet Method ◽  
Papaya Seed

Fuel oil is one of the important parts to support daily activities. The demand for fuel oil is increasing every year. Therefore, the search for the latest energy source is continuously conducted. Carica papaya L. seed oil is investigated as a renewable energy source replacement part of petroleum diesel fuel. C. papaya seed oil obtained through the extraction process using soxhlet method with n-hexane solvent. Then produce methylester by means of transesterification using 1 % NaOH catalyst and 20 % methanol of the weight of the oil and stirred at 400 rpm for 1 h. A mixture consisting of 10 % C. papaya seed biodiesel and 90 % petroleum diesel fuel, called CPSB-10, produces fuel properties that meet the specified standards by the Indonesian Directorate General of Oil and Gas. From the result of the performance test in a diesel test engine, the maximum brake power and brake thermal are consecutively 30.6 kW and 140.23 N m, the lowest sfc is 268 g kW–1 h–1, and the highest brake thermal efficiency is 32 %.

The role of diluent in metal extraction process.

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-456
Author(s):  
Junji Shibata ◽  
Sanji Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Process ◽  
Metal Extraction

Effects of maturation on multiscale (nanometer to millimeter) porosity in the Eagle Ford Shale

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. SU59-SU70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Michael Anovitz ◽  
David Robert Cole ◽  
Julia Meyer Sheets ◽  
Alexander Swift ◽  
Harold William Elston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Eagle Ford Shale ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
Eagle Ford ◽  
Gas Targets

Porosity and permeability are key variables that link the thermal-hydrologic, geomechanical, and geochemical behavior in rock systems and are thus important input parameters for transport models. Neutron scattering studies indicate that the scales of pore sizes in rocks extend over many orders of magnitude from nanometer-sized pores with huge amounts of total surface area to large open fracture systems (multiscale porosity). However, despite considerable efforts combining conventional petrophysics, neutron scattering, and electron microscopy, the quantitative nature of this porosity in tight gas shales, especially at smaller scales and over larger rock volumes, remains largely unknown. Nor is it well understood how pore networks are affected by regional variation in rock composition and properties, thermal changes across the oil window (maturity), and, most critically, hydraulic fracturing. To improve this understanding, we have used a combination of small- and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (U)SANS with scanning electron microscope (SEM)/backscattered electron imaging to analyze the pore structure of clay- and carbonate-rich samples of the Eagle Ford Shale. This formation is hydrocarbon rich, straddles the oil window, and is one of the most actively drilled oil and gas targets in the United States. Several important trends in the Eagle Ford rock pore structure have been identified using our approach. The (U)SANS results reflected the connected (effective) and unconnected porosity, as well as the volume occupied by organic material. The latter could be separated using total organic carbon data and, at all maturities, constituted a significant fraction of the apparent porosity. At lower maturities, the pore structure was strongly anisotropic. However, this decreased with increasing maturity, eventually disappearing entirely for carbonate-rich samples. In clay- and carbonate-rich samples, a significant reduction in total porosity occurred at (U)SANS scales, much of it during initial increases in maturity. This apparently contradicted SEM observations that showed increases in intraorganic porosity with increasing maturity. Organic-rich shales are, however, a very complex material from the point of view of scattering studies, and a more detailed analysis is needed to better understand these observations.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Sorption and Metallochromy Properties of Organosilicon Derivatives of 1-Acetylguanidine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
E.N. Oborina ◽  
◽  
A.M. Nalibayeva ◽  
V.G. Fedoseeva ◽  
I.A. Ushakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metals ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Complex Test ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Polymeric Structures

Increased interest in carbofunctional organosilicon monomers (silanes) and polymers (silsesquioxanes) is associated with the fact that these compounds are promising reagents and building blocks, materials for micro-electronics, agriculture and medicine, complexones, catalysts, and efficient sorbents. Thus, functional polysilsesquioxanes surpass mineral and organic sorbents in sorption properties. Moreover, they have the highest chemical and thermal stability. Along with sorption activity carbofunctional organosilicon compounds of both monomeric and polymeric structures can possess metallochromic properties. All this paves the way for the large-scale development of analytical systems for the creation of new complex test methods for the determination, concentration and separation of metals from solutions. In the present study the functional monomer N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]acetylguanidine 1 was synthesized by the condensation reaction of 1-acetylguanidine and 3-triethoxysilyl-propylamine. Poly-N-[3-silsesquioxanyl) propyl]acetylguanidine 2 was obtained by hydrolytic polycondensation of compound 1. The composition and structure of compounds 1 and 2 were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as by elemental analysis. Polymer 2 was studied as a sorbent for ions of heavy metals, such as Hg (II), and noble metals Ag (I), Au (III), Rh (II), Pd (II), Pt (IV) from solutions of their salts in hydrochloric or nitric acid. For polymer 2, the values of static sorption capacities have been calculated. The latter depend on the nature of the metal and have values from 78 mg/g (for platinum) to 366 mg/g for rhodium. The graphs of the degree of metal extraction depending on the sorption time and acid concentration have been plotted. A sorption mechanism is proposed, which is realized due to the chelate interaction of the metal cation (M+) with the amide groups of compounds 1 and 2. The interaction of monomer 1, in the form of indicator paper, and polymer 2, in the powder form, with salts of the studied metals is accompanied by intense specific coloration (metallochromy). Color tables of the samples after their contact with the Ag (I), Au (III), Pd (II), Pt (IV), Rh (III), Hg (II) salts are given.

scholarly journals Obtaining Urea from Effluents of Gold Cyanidation Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
CARLOS DARIO LOPEZ RAMIREZ ◽  
DAIRO E. CHAVERRA ◽  
OSCAR JAIME RESTREPO BAENA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Toxic Product ◽  
Cyanide Solutions

Cyanide is one of the most used reagents in the precious metal extraction process; as well as the most efficient from the point of view of the dissolution process, but it is also a toxic product that requires a lot of care in handling. Likewise, the residual solutions of the process must be followed because they can be a risk of contamination of water, animals and human health. In the artisanal processes of obtaining gold and silver, neutralization of the residual solutions is used to passivate the present cyanide. During this process ammonium cyanate is formed which decomposes rapidly in the presence of air and sunlight in carbon dioxide and ammonia gas, contributing to the greenhouse effect. In this work, the use of the ammonium cyanate obtained in the process of neutralization of the cyanide solutions as a reagent to obtain urea is proposed. Urea was obtained indirectly through the use of the reagent kit UREA/BUN-COLOR. The process is effective at pH ≤ 4.5 with a rapid increase in solution temperature and the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The urea crystals begin to form at 50°C. The cyanide/urea ratio obtained was 1/7.5.

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