The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of the metabolic syndrome

Diet is related to many chronic disease conditions such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We set out to compare behaviour-related with disease-related patterns and their association with the MetS in a German cross-sectional study. A total of 905 participants of a Northern German cohort (aged 25–82 years) completed a FFQ, underwent anthropometric assessments and provided a blood sample. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced-rank regression (RRR) from forty-two food groups. Components of the MetS were used as response variables for the RRR analysis. Simplified patterns comprising ten food groups were generated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the likelihood of having the MetS across the quartiles of simplified pattern scores. We identified two similar dietary patterns derived by PCA and RRR characterised by high intakes of potatoes, various vegetables, red and processed meat, fats, sauce and bouillon. Comparing simplified patterns, an increased RRR pattern score was associated with a higher OR (2·18, 95 % CI 1·25, 3·81) of having the MetS than an increased PCA pattern score (OR 1·92, 95 % CI 1·21, 3·03). Comparing concordant food groups by both dietary pattern methods, a diet high in legumes, beef, processed meat and bouillon was also positively associated with the prevalence of the MetS after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 1·71, 95 % CI 1·04, 2·79). We identified a behaviour-related pattern that was positively associated with the MetS. The application of both dietary pattern methods may be advantageous to obtain information for designing and realising dietary guidelines. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.

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Strategies to prevent the metabolic syndrome at the population level: role of authorities and non-governmental bodies

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500001148 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (S1) ◽

pp. S181-S186 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Åke Bruce

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Population Level ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Food Products ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Health Claims ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

International Policies ◽

Nutrition Policies

The remarkable increase over the past 40 years in some chronic diseases, including the metabolic syndrome, has increased the demand for government and international policies to encourage various approaches to decrease the risk of these diseases. There are some prerequisites for working out successful national food and nutrition policies. Firstly, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the dietary pattern in a country and its associated public health problems. Based on these data, nutrient recommendations and goals are formulated by international or national scientific committees. Governments should translate these nutrient goals into food goals and eventually into national dietary guidelines. The means by which the national authorities can implement a nutrition policy include fortification and supplementation. Equally important are educational and informative tools, such as labelling on the packed food products including information about ingredients and nutrient content. With respect to the metabolic syndrome, this implies nutrient recommendations regarding the intake of fat and carbohydrates (energy per cent) and dietary fibre; dietary guidelines regarding balance between energy intake and expenditure; decreased consumption of products rich in fat and increased consumption of cereals and other products rich in dietary fibre, etc.; recommendations from the authorities regarding nutrient labelling (content of fat and dietary fibre) on relevant products; and nutrient and health claims and other aids (symbols) as tools to make it easier for consumers to select the appropriate food products.

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A Western dietary pattern is prospectively associated with cardio-metabolic traits and incidence of the metabolic syndrome

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451800079x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (10) ◽

pp. 1168-1176 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Isabel Drake ◽

Emily Sonestedt ◽

Ulrika Ericson ◽

Peter Wallström ◽

Marju Orho-Melander

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Metabolic Traits ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Western Dietary Pattern ◽

Response Variables

AbstractThe aim of this study was to derive dietary patterns associated with cardio-metabolic traits and to examine whether these predict prospective changes in these traits and incidence of the metabolic syndrome (iMetS). Subjects from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study cardiovascular cohort without cardio-metabolic disease and related drug treatments at baseline (n 4071; aged 45–67 years, 40 % men) were included. We applied reduced rank regression on thirty-eight foods to derive patterns that explain variation in response variables measured at baseline (waist circumference, TAG, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin). Patterns were examined in relation to change in cardio-metabolic traits and iMetS in subjects who were re-examined after 16·7 years (n 2704). Two dietary patterns (‘Western’ and ‘Drinker’) were retained and explained 3·2 % of the variation in response variables. The ‘Western’ dietary pattern was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol and positively with all other response variables (both at baseline and follow-up), but there was no association with LDL at follow-up. After adjustment for potential confounders, the ‘Western’ dietary pattern was associated with higher risk of iMetS (hazard ratio Q4 v. Q1: 1·47; 95 % CI 1·23, 1·77; Ptrend=1·5×10−5). The ‘Drinker’ dietary pattern primarily explained variation in HDL and was not associated with iMetS. In conclusion, this study supports current food-based dietary guidelines suggesting that a ‘Western’ dietary pattern with high intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and red and processed meats and low intakes of wine, cheese, vegetables and high-fibre foods is associated with detrimental effects on cardio-metabolic health.

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Daily Inclusion of Potatoes Into a Dietary Guidelines for Americans-Based Dietary Pattern Does Not Adversely Impact Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab037_010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 300-300

Author(s):

Sisi Cao ◽

William Quarles ◽

Emily Shaw ◽

Geoffrey Sasaki ◽

Priyankar Dey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Vascular Endothelial Function ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans

Abstract Objectives Observational studies suggest that the regular ingestion of potatoes adversely affects cardiometabolic health, but controlled studies in humans are needed to establish causality. Our objective was to assess whether daily inclusion of non-fried potato foods as part of a Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)-based dietary pattern would impair cardiometabolic health in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods In a 2-arm, randomized controlled, crossover trial separated by a 2-wk washout period, MetS adults were provided a eucaloric DGA-based dietary pattern containing potato (350 g with 17.5 g/d resistant starch; POTATO) or an energy-matched bagel (0 g/d resistant starch; CON) for 14 d. Fasting blood was collected on d 0 and 14. On d 14, after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured and blood was collected at 30 min intervals for 2 h to assess vascular endothelial function and metabolic excursions, respectively. Circulating endotoxin, glucose, insulin, and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were assessed by spectrophotometry, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and arginine and its metabolites by HPLC. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results MetS adults (n = 27; 32.5 ± 1.3 y; 35.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2) completed the study with no adverse effects or significant changes in body weight. The 14-d DGA-based dietary pattern had a small but significant effect to decrease glucose (107 ± 1.9 vs. 102 ± 1.7 mg/dL; P = 0.04) and insulin (19 ± 2.9 vs. 14 ± 1.5 μIU/mL; P = 0.03), but these were unaffected by POTATO. Fasting endotoxin, NOx, and MDA and FMD were also unaffected by POTATO compared to CON, as were postprandial AUC0–2h of FMD, insulin, glucose, arginine, MDA, endotoxin, and NOx. Conclusions Findings of this acute controlled trial, which require long-term validation, support that a DGA-based dietary pattern may help to improve insulin resistance and that potatoes can be effectively incorporated into the diet without compromising vascular endothelial function or cardiometabolic health in persons with MetS. Funding Sources Alliance for Potato Research and Education.

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Diet affects glycosylation of serum proteins in women at risk for cardiometabolic disease

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-021-02539-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tyler Kim ◽

Yixuan Xie ◽

Qiongyu Li ◽

Virginia M. Artegoitia ◽

Carlito B. Lebrilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Serum Proteins ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Protein Glycosylation ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Clinical Trial Registration ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽

Parametric Analyses

Abstract Background Glycoproteomics deals with glycoproteins that are formed by post-translational modification when sugars (like fucose and sialic acid) are attached to protein. Glycosylation of proteins influences function, but whether glycosylation is altered by diet is unknown. Objective To evaluate the effect of consuming a diet based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on circulating glycoproteins that have previously been associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Design Forty-four women, with one or more metabolic syndrome characteristics, completed an 8-week randomized controlled feeding intervention (n = 22) consuming a diet based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA 2010); the remaining consumed a ‘typical American diet’ (TAD, n = 22). Fasting serum samples were obtained at week0 (baseline) and week8 (post-intervention); 17 serum proteins were chosen for targeted analyses. Protein standards and serum samples were analyzed in a UHPLC-MS protocol to determine peptide concentration and their glycan (fucosylation or sialylation) profiles. Data at baseline were used in correlational analyses; change in proteins and glycans following intervention were used in non-parametric analyses. Results At baseline, women with more metabolic syndrome characteristics had more fucosylation (total di-fucosylated proteins: p = 0.045) compared to women with a lesser number of metabolic syndrome characteristics. Dietary refined grain intake was associated with increased total fucosylation (ρ = − 0.530, p < 0.001) and reduced total sialylation (ρ = 0.311, p = 0.042). After the 8-week intervention, there was higher sialylation following the DGA diet (Total di-sialylated protein p = 0.018, poly-sialylated orosomucoid p = 0.012) compared to the TAD diet. Conclusions Based on this study, glycosylation of proteins is likely affected by dietary patterns; higher sialylation was associated with a healthier diet pattern. Altered glycosylation is associated with several diseases, particularly cancer and type 2 diabetes, and this study raises the possibility that diet may influence disease state by altering glycosylation. Clinical trial registration NCT02298725 at clinicaltrials.gov; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02298725.

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Low-Carb/High-Fat/Fried-Food Diet: The Surprising Effects in Triglycerides, Lipid Profile, and Glycemia in a Patient with a Metabolic Syndrome

Series of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ◽

10.54178/jsedmv3i2005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

Cristian Baldini ◽

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

High Fat ◽

Fried Food ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽

Positive Effect

We continuously underestimate the eating process: food and cooking methods play a pivotal role in our health. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), more than 117 million American adults have one or more preventable chronic diseases, many of which are related to poor quality eating patterns and physical inactivity. Despite the usual belief about fat in the diet, it has shown that fat has a uniquely positive effect on blood lipid concentrations and cardiovascular risk factors. A low-carb/high-fat/fried-food (LCHFFF) diet has shown to be one of the best natural treatments in lipid profile and glycemia in a patient with metabolic syndrome.

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Conjoint Associations of Adherence to Physical Activity and Dietary Guidelines With Cardiometabolic Health: The Framingham Heart Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.019800 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joowon Lee ◽

Maura E. Walker ◽

Maximillian T. Bourdillon ◽

Nicole L. Spartano ◽

Gail T. Rogers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Framingham Heart Study ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Heart Study ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽

Referent Group

Background The conjoint associations of adherence to the recent physical activity and dietary guidelines with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are incompletely understood. Methods and Results We evaluated 2379 FHS (Framingham Heart Study) Third Generation participants (mean age, 47 years; 54.4% women) attending examination cycle 2. We examined the cross‐sectional relations of adherence to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (binary; moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity ≥150 versus <150 min/wk) and 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (binary; 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index ≥median versus <median [score, 62.1/100]) with prevalence of the MetS using generalized linear models. We also related adherence to guidelines with the incidence of MetS prospectively, using Cox proportional hazards regression with discrete time intervals. Adherence rates to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% CI, 0.40–0.60) and 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51–0.90) were individually associated with lower odds of prevalent MetS, whereas conjoint adherence to both guidelines was associated with the lowest odds of MetS (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.26–0.47) compared with the referent group (nonadherence to both guidelines). Adherence rates to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.88) and 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51–0.90) were associated with lower risk of MetS, prospectively. In addition, we observed a 52% lower risk of MetS in individuals who adhered to both guidelines compared with the referent group. Conclusions Maintaining both regular physical activity and a healthy diet in midlife may be required for optimal cardiometabolic health in later life.

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