scholarly journals Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, and Alternative Healthy Eating indices are associated with bone health among Puerto Rican adults from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1267-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina E Noel ◽  
Kelsey M Mangano ◽  
Josiemer Mattei ◽  
John L Griffith ◽  
Bess Dawson-Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Dash Score ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Hip

Abstract Background Conflicting results on associations between dietary quality and bone have been noted across populations, and this has been understudied in Puerto Ricans, a population at higher risk of osteoporosis than previously appreciated. Objective To compare cross-sectional associations between 3 dietary quality indices [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Alternative Health Eating Index (AHEI-2010), and Mediterranean Diet Score (MeDS)] with bone outcomes. Method Participants (n = 865–896) from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study (BPROS) with complete bone and dietary data were included. Indices were calculated from validated food frequency data. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. Associations between dietary indices (z-scores) and their individual components with BMD and osteoporosis were tested with ANCOVA and logistic regression, respectively, at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, stratified by male, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Results Participants were 59.9 y ± 7.6 y and mostly female (71%). Among postmenopausal women not taking estrogen, DASH (score: 11–38) was associated with higher trochanter (0.026 ± 0.006 g/cm2, P <0.001), femoral neck (0.022 ± 0.006 g/cm2, P <0.001), total hip (0.029 ± 0.006 g/cm2, P <0.001), and lumbar spine BMD (0.025 ± 0.007 g/cm2, P = 0.001). AHEI (score: 25–86) was also associated with spine and all hip sites (P <0.02), whereas MeDS (0–9) was associated only with total hip (P = 0.01) and trochanter BMD (P = 0.007) in postmenopausal women. All indices were associated with a lower likelihood of osteoporosis (OR from 0.54 to 0.75). None of the results were significant for men or premenopausal women. Conclusions Although all appeared protective, DASH was more positively associated with BMD than AHEI or MeDS in postmenopausal women not taking estrogen. Methodological differences across scores suggest that a bone-specific index that builds on existing indices and that can be used to address dietary differences across cultural and ethnic minority populations should be considered.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent effects of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with asthma or COPD: A registry-based cohort study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Chen ◽  
Kate M. Johnson ◽  
J. Mark FitzGerald ◽  
Mohsen Sadatsafavi ◽  
William D. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Sectional Analysis

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy on the bone health of older adults remains unclear due to its possible impact on bone mineral density (BMD).ObjectiveTo evaluate, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, the impact of ICS use on BMD in postmenopausal women with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsWe used a population-based bone densitometry registry linked with administrative health data of the province of Manitoba, Canada (1999–2013), to identify women with diagnosed asthma or COPD. ICS use was defined as cumulative dispensed days prior to baseline BMD (cross-sectional analysis), and medication possession ratio (MPR) between two BMD measurements (longitudinal analysis). Results were adjusted for multiple covariates including the underlying respiratory diagnosis and its severity.ResultsIn the cross sectional analysis, compared with non-users, women with the highest tertile of prior ICS exposure had lower baseline BMD at the femoral neck (-0.09 standard deviations [SD] below a healthy young adult, 95% CI: −0.16, −0.02) and total hip (-0.14 SD, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.05), but not at the lumbar spine. Longitudinally, the highest tertile of ICS exposure was associated with a slight decline in total hip BMD relative to non-users (-0.02 SD/year, 95% CI: −0.04, −0.01), with no significant effect at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Middle and lower tertiles of ICS use had no significant effects.ConclusionHigh exposure to ICS was associated with a small adverse effect on baseline hip BMD and total hip BMD loss in post-menopausal women with asthma or COPD.

scholarly journals BMD status of Postmenopausal Women in relation with BMI: A study with 93 cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141
Author(s):  
Samira Sharmin ◽  
Mabubul Haque ◽  
Syedur Rahman Miah ◽  
Md Mahbub Ur Rahman ◽  
Jasmine Ara Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
T Score ◽  
Minimal Trauma ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: Low bone mass is a common disorder in elderly population which predisposes to fracture with minimal trauma. This study was performed to find out the association between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences Comilla and Mitford, Dhaka over a period of 12 months from January 2013 to December 2013. A total 93 postmenopausal women were enrolled for this study. All postmenopausal women underwent a BMD scan of femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae using a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Participants were categorized into three groups according to their age and BMI. BMD were expressed base on T-score according to WHO criteria. The relation among BMI, age and BMD were assessed.Results: The results of this study showed that the mean age of the study group was 57.13±7.49 years with range of 46 to 75 years. The most postmenopausal women were in age group 55-65years. The mean BMI of the study subjects were 24.18±5.08 kg/m2 with a range of 15.62 to 36.20 kg/m2. Among 93 subjects osteopenia was greater at lumbar spine (45.2%) with T-score mean±SD-1.83±0.33 and osteoporosis at femoral neck (51.6%) with T-score mean ±SD-3.36±-0.67. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed inverse relationship between age and BMD both lumbar spine (r = -0.301, p = 0.003) and femoral neck (r = -0.303, p=0.003) whereas the positive relation between BMI and BMD both at lumbar spine (r=0.338, p=0.001) and femoral neck (r =0.343, p=0.001). These showed that with advancing age, BMD decreases and the risk of osteoporosis increases and with increasing BMI, BMD increases and risk of osteoporosis decreases.Conclusion: The findings of this study portrait that aging and low BMI are risk factors associated with bone loss. So preventive measure should be taken for high risk post menopausal women.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 17(2): 138-141, July 2014

scholarly journals Relation between intima-media thickness and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Fodor ◽  
Cosmina Bondor ◽  
Adriana Albu ◽  
Laura Muntean ◽  
Siao-pin Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Vertebral Fractures ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
T Score ◽  
Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures ◽  
The Relationship

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Controversy exists regarding the relationship between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA), presence of calcified atherosclerotic plaques and bone mineral density (BMD) evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in postmenopausal women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. METHODS: We studied the IMT (left and right CCA and mean IMT) and T-score (lumbar spine L2-L4, femoral neck and total hip) in 100 postmenopausal women (mean age 64.5 years). The presence of calcified atherosclerotic plaque and osteoporotic vertebral fractures was also noted. RESULTS: IMT in the left and right CCA and mean IMT were significantly associated with T-score measured for the lumbar spine L2-L4, femoral neck and total hip, with lower T-score, in the osteoporotic group than in the normal and osteopenic groups (P < 0.05). IMT had a significantly negative correlation with the lumbar spine T-score and femoral neck T-score; and mean IMT with lowest T-score. Mean IMT (P < 0.001), high blood pressure (P = 0.005) and osteoporotic vertebral fractures (P = 0.048) showed statistical significance regarding the likelihood of developing atherosclerotic plaque. CONCLUSIONS: In women referred for routine osteoporosis screening, the relationship between CCA, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis can be demonstrated using either cortical or trabecular BMD. Vertebral fractures may be considered to be a likelihood factor for atherosclerotic plaque development.

Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine W Reeves ◽  
Gabriela Vieyra ◽  
Nydjie P Grimes ◽  
Jaymie Meliker ◽  
Rebecca D Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Physiologic Function ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Nested Case Control

Abstract Background Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that could disrupt normal physiologic function, triggering detrimental impacts on bone. We evaluated associations between urinary phthalate biomarkers and BMD in postmenopausal women participating in the prospective Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). Methods We included WHI participants enrolled in the BMD substudy and selected for a nested case-control study of phthalates and breast cancer (N=1255). We measured thirteen phthalate biomarkers and creatinine in 2-3 urine samples per participant collected over 3 years, when all participants were cancer-free. Total hip and femoral neck BMD were measured at baseline and year 3, concurrent with urine collection, via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. We fit multivariable generalized estimating equation models and linear mixed effects models to estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, respectively, with stratification on postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use. Results In cross-sectional analyses, mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate and the sum of di-isobutyl phthalate metabolites were inversely associated with total hip BMD among HT non-users, but not among HT users. Longitudinal analyses showed greater declines in total hip BMD among HT non-users and with highest concentrations of mono-3-carboxyoctyl phthalate (-1.80%, 95% CI -2.81 – -0.78%) or mono-carboxynonyl phthalate (-1.84%, 95% CI -2.80 – -0.89%); similar associations were observed with femoral neck BMD. Among HT users, phthalate biomarkers were not associated with total hip or femoral neck BMD change. Discussion Certain phthalate biomarkers are associated with greater percent decreases in total hip and femoral neck BMD. These findings suggest that phthalate exposure may have clinically important effects on BMD, and potentially fracture risk.

scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density Response With Denosumab in Combination With Standard or High-Dose Teriparatide: The DATA-HD RCT

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabashini K Ramchand ◽  
Natalie L David ◽  
Benjamin Z Leder ◽  
Joy N Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Hip

Abstract Context In the Denosumab and High-Dose Teriparatide Administration (DATA-HD) study, we reported that 15 months of combined high-dose (HD) teriparatide and denosumab increased mean areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the hip and spine more than combined denosumab and standard-dose (SD) teriparatide. Objective In the current analysis, we compare the individual rates of aBMD response between the treatment groups. Design Single-site, open-label, randomized controlled trial in which postmenopausal women received either teriparatide 20-μg daily (SD) or 40-μg daily (HD) given months 0 through 9, overlapped with denosumab 60 mg, given months 3 through 15 (15 months’ total duration). The proportion of participants in the SD and HD groups experiencing total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine aBMD gains of &gt;3%, &gt;6%, and &gt;9% were compared. Participants Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis completing all study visits (n = 60). Main outcome measure(s) aBMD (dual x-ray absorptiometry). Results At the end of the 15-month treatment period, a higher proportion of women in the HD group had aBMD increases &gt;3% (83% vs. 58%, P = .037) and &gt;6% (45% vs. 19%, P = .034) at the total hip, and &gt;3% at the femoral neck (86% vs. 63%, P = .044). At the lumbar spine, &gt;3% response rates were similar, whereas the &gt;6% and &gt;9% response rates were greater in the HD group (100% vs. 79%, P = .012 and 93% vs. 59%, P = .003, respectively). Conclusion Compared with the SD regimen, more women treated with the HD regimen achieved clinically meaningful and rapid gains in hip and spine aBMD. These results suggest that this approach may provide unique benefits in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Effects of Teriparatide in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis on Prior Alendronate or Raloxifene: Differences between Stopping and Continuing the Antiresorptive Agent

2009 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 3772-3780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Cosman ◽  
Robert A. Wermers ◽  
Christopher Recknor ◽  
Karen F. Mauck ◽  
Li Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Switch Group

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess adding vs. switching to teriparatide 20μg/d in patients on alendronate or raloxifene. Design: We conducted a randomized, open-label trial. Patients and Interventions: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on alendronate or raloxifene for at least 18 months added teriparatide (Add groups) or switched to teriparatide (Switch groups) for 18 months. Main Outcome Measures: We measured bone turnover markers (BTM) and bone mineral density (BMD). Results: In the alendronate stratum, increases in BTM were smaller in the Add vs. Switch group [6-month PINP (64 vs. 401%); bone ALP (15 vs. 71%); βCTX (27 vs. 250%); all P &lt; 0.001]. However, at 6 months, total hip BMD increased more in the Add vs. Switch group (1.4 vs. −0.8%; P = 0.002). In the Add vs. Switch group, 18-month BMD increments were higher in lumbar spine (8.4 vs. 4.8%; P = 0.003) and total hip (3.2 vs. 0.9%; P = 0.02), but not in femoral neck (2.7 vs. 2.3%; P = 0.75). In the raloxifene stratum, increases in BTM were also smaller in the Add vs. Switch group [6-month PINP (131 vs. 259%; P &lt; 0.001), bone ALP (31 vs. 44%; P = 0.035), and βCTX (67 vs. 144%; P = 0.001)]. At 6 months, total hip BMD increase was greater in the Add vs. Switch group (1.8 vs. 0.5%; P = 0.028). At 18 months, increases in lumbar spine (9.2 vs. 8.1%), total hip (2.8 vs. 1.8%), and femoral neck (3.8 vs. 2.2%) were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: In women with osteoporosis treated with antiresorptives, greater bone turnover increases were achieved by switching to teriparatide, whereas greater BMD increases were achieved by adding teriparatide. In patients treated with alendronate or raloxifene, adding teriparatide results in a greater bone mineral density response, and appears to be at least as safe as switching to teriparatide.

scholarly journals Bone mineral density predictors in long-standing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefana Catalina Bilha ◽  
Letitia Leustean ◽  
Cristina Preda ◽  
Dumitru D. Branisteanu ◽  
Laura Mihalache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite the increased fracture risk, bone mineral density (BMD) is variable in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus. We aimed at comparing independent BMD predictors in T1D, T2D and control subjects, respectively. Methods Cross-sectional case-control study enrolling 30 T1D, 39 T2D and 69 age, sex and body mass index (BMI) – matched controls that underwent clinical examination, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck) and serum determination of HbA1c and parameters of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Results T2D patients had similar BMD compared to T1D individuals (after adjusting for age, BMI and disease duration) and to matched controls, respectively. In multiple regression analysis, diabetes duration – but not HbA1c- negatively predicted femoral neck BMD in T1D (β= -0.39, p = 0.014), while BMI was a positive predictor for lumbar spine (β = 0.46, p = 0.006) and femoral neck BMD (β = 0.44, p = 0.007) in T2D, besides gender influence. Age negatively predicted BMD in controls, but not in patients with diabetes. Conclusions Long-standing diabetes and female gender particularly increase the risk for low bone mass in T1D. An increased body weight partially hinders BMD loss in T2D. The impact of age appears to be surpassed by that of other bone regulating factors in both T1D and T2D patients.

scholarly journals A dairy and fruit dietary pattern is associated with a reduced likelihood of osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1926-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangah Shin ◽  
Hyojee Joung
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Rice

The aim of the present study was to identify the association of dietary patterns with osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–10. The present cross-sectional analysis included 3735 postmenopausal women who completed a health interview, nutrition survey and a health examination including bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. The general characteristics and dietary intakes of the participants were obtained using a standardised questionnaire and a 24 h recall method, respectively. The BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; osteoporosis was defined based on the WHO T-score criteria. Overall, we identified four dietary patterns using factor analysis as follows: ‘meat, alcohol and sugar’, ‘vegetables and soya sauce’, ‘white rice, kimchi and seaweed’ and ‘dairy and fruit’, which accounted for 30·9 % of the total variance in food intake (11·3, 7·7, 6·0 and 5·9 %, respectively). The subjects in the highest quintile of the ‘dairy and fruit’ pattern showed a decreased risk of osteoporosis of the lumbar spine (53 %) compared with those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for covariates (OR 0·47, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·65, P for trend < 0·0001). In contrast, the ‘white rice, kimchi and seaweed’ dietary pattern was negatively associated with bone health (OR 1·40, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·90, P for trend = 0·0479). The present results suggest that an increased intake of dairy foods and fruits in the traditional Korean diet, based on white rice and vegetables, may decrease the risk of osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Head-to-head comparisons of bisphosphonates and teriparatide in osteoporosis: a meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. E146-E157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Lin Liu ◽  
Han-Chung Lee ◽  
Chun-Chung Chen ◽  
Der-Yang Cho
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Nonvertebral Fractures ◽  
Post Menopausal Osteoporosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Menopausal

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of teriparatide vs. bisphosphonates in the management of osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 1,967 patients from eight randomized controlled trials were analyzed; outcomes included bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine, vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and any adverse event. A subgroup analysis of treatment effectiveness was performed according to the etiology of osteoporosis; i.e., glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) vs. post-menopausal osteoporosis (PO). Results: Teriparatide increased the BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip to a greater extent than bisphosphonates. Patients treated with teriparatide also had a lower risk of vertebral fractures compared with bisphosphonates; however, no difference in risk of nonvertebral fractures (or adverse events) was found. GIO subgroups showed larger increases in BMD of the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck in patients treated with teriparatide compared with bisphosphonates. The PO subgroup showed larger increases in BMD of the lumbar spine in patients treated with teriparatide compared with bisphosphonates. Patients in the GIO subgroup (but not the PO subgroup) were less likely to suffer a vertebral fracture on teriparatide as compared with bisphosphonates. In contrast, no significant difference in the percentage of nonvertebral fractures was noted between the two types of treatment for either subgroup. Conclusion: Teriparatide significantly increased the BMD of lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck, particularly in GIO-induced osteoporosis. Teriparatide did not lower the risk of nonvertebral fractures when compared with bisphosphonates.

scholarly journals Breast Safety and Efficacy of Genistein Aglycone for Postmenopausal Bone Loss: A Follow-Up Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 4787-4796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Marini ◽  
Alessandra Bitto ◽  
Domenica Altavilla ◽  
Bruce P. Burnett ◽  
Francesca Polito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Sister Chromatid Exchange ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Brca1 And Brca2

Context: Genistein aglycone improves bone metabolism in women. However, questions about the long-term safety of genistein on breast as well as its continued efficacy still remain. Objective: We assessed the continued safety profile of genistein aglycone on breast and endometrium and its effects on bone after 3 yr of therapy. Design: The parent study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 389 osteopenic, postmenopausal women for 24-months. Subsequently, a subcohort (138 patients) continued therapy for an additional year. Patients and Interventions: Participants received 54 mg of genistein aglycone daily (n = 71) or placebo (n = 67). Both treatment arms received calcium and vitamin D3 in therapeutic doses. Main Outcomes: Mammographic density was assessed at baseline, 24 and 36 months by visual classification scale and digitized quantification. BRCA1 and BRCA2, sister chromatid exchange, and endometrial thickness were also evaluated. Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density were also assessed. Secondary outcomes were biochemical levels of bone markers. Results: After 36 months, genistein did not significantly change mammographic breast density or endometrial thickness, BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression was preserved, whereas sister chromatid exchange was reduced compared with placebo. Bone mineral density increases were greater with genistein for both femoral neck and lumbar spine compared to placebo. Genistein also significantly reduced pyridinoline, as well as serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide and soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand while increasing bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, IGF-I, and osteoprotegerin levels. There were no differences in discomfort or adverse events between groups. Conclusions: After 3 yr of treatment, genistein exhibited a promising safety profile with positive effects on bone formation in a cohort of osteopenic, postmenopausal women.

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