scholarly journals Association of nut intake with risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 16 countries from 5 continents: analysis from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J de Souza ◽  
Mahshid Dehghan ◽  
Andrew Mente ◽  
Shrikant I Bangdiwala ◽  
Suad Hashim Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Event ◽  
High Income ◽  
Major Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Major Cardiovascular Events ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Nut Intake

ABSTRACT Background The association of nuts with cardiovascular disease and deaths has been investigated mostly in Europe, the USA, and East Asia, with few data available from other regions of the world or from low- and middle-income countries. Objective To assess the association of nuts with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study is a large multinational prospective cohort study of adults aged 35–70 y from 16 low-, middle-, and high-income countries on 5 continents. Nut intake (tree nuts and ground nuts) was measured at the baseline visit, using country-specific validated FFQs. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality or major cardiovascular event [nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or heart failure]. Results We followed 124,329 participants (age = 50.7 y, SD = 10.2; 41.5% male) for a median of 9.5 y. We recorded 10,928 composite events [deaths (n = 8,662) or major cardiovascular events (n = 5,979)]. Higher nut intake (>120 g per wk compared with <30 g per mo) was associated with a lower risk of the primary composite outcome of mortality or major cardiovascular event [multivariate HR (mvHR): 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96; P-trend = 0.0048]. Significant reductions in total (mvHR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.87; P-trend <0.0001), cardiovascular (mvHR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.92; P-trend = 0.048), and noncardiovascular mortality (mvHR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.96; P-trend = 0.0046) with a trend to reduced cancer mortality (mvHR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.00; P-trend = 0.081) were observed. No significant associations of nuts were seen with major CVD (mvHR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.02; P-trend = 0.14), stroke (mvHR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.14; P-trend = 0.76), or MI (mvHR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.04; P-trend = 0.29). Conclusions Higher nut intake was associated with lower mortality risk from both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. e748-e760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Rosengren ◽  
Andrew Smyth ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
Chinthanie Ramasundarahettige ◽  
Shrikant I Bangdiwala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Urban Rural

scholarly journals The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study

The Lancet ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 390 (10113) ◽  
pp. 2643-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A Lear ◽  
Weihong Hu ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
Danijela Gasevic ◽  
Darryl Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income

Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103640
Author(s):  
Peter T Katzmarzyk ◽  
Christine Friedenreich ◽  
Eric J Shiroma ◽  
I-Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
High Income ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries

ObjectivesPhysical inactivity is a risk factor for premature mortality and several non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to estimate the global burden associated with physical inactivity, and to examine differences by country income and region.MethodsPopulation-level, prevalence-based population attributable risks (PAR) were calculated for 168 countries to estimate how much disease could be averted if physical inactivity were eliminated. We calculated PARs (percentage of cases attributable to inactivity) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and non-communicable diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers of the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, oesophagus, stomach and kidney.ResultsGlobally, 7.2% and 7.6% of all-cause and cardiovascular disease deaths, respectively, are attributable to physical inactivity. The proportions of non-communicable diseases attributable to physical inactivity range from 1.6% for hypertension to 8.1% for dementia. There was an increasing gradient across income groups; PARs were more than double in high-income compared with low-income countries. However, 69% of total deaths and 74% of cardiovascular disease deaths associated with physical inactivity are occurring in middle-income countries, given their population size. Regional differences were also observed, with the PARs occurring in Latin America/Caribbean and high-income Western and Asia-Pacific countries, and the lowest burden occurring in Oceania and East/Southeast Asia.ConclusionThe global burden associated with physical inactivity is substantial. The relative burden is greatest in high-income countries; however, the greatest number of people (absolute burden) affected by physical inactivity are living in middle-income countries given the size of their populations.

scholarly journals Association of egg intake with blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 177,000 people in 50 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Dehghan ◽  
Andrew Mente ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
Viswanathan Mohan ◽  
Scott Lear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Composite Outcome ◽  
Egg Consumption ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background Eggs are a rich source of essential nutrients, but they are also a source of dietary cholesterol. Therefore, some guidelines recommend limiting egg consumption. However, there is contradictory evidence on the impact of eggs on diseases, largely based on studies conducted in high-income countries. Objectives Our aim was to assess the association of egg consumption with blood lipids, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality in large global studies involving populations from low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Methods We studied 146,011 individuals from 21 countries in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Egg consumption was recorded using country-specific validated FFQs. We also studied 31,544 patients with vascular disease in 2 multinational prospective studies: ONTARGET (Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global End Point Trial) and TRANSCEND (Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACEI Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease). We calculated HRs using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts to account for clustering by study center separately within each study. Results In the PURE study, we recorded 14,700 composite events (8932 deaths and 8477 CVD events). In the PURE study, after excluding those with history of CVD, higher intake of egg (≥7 egg/wk compared with <1 egg/wk intake) was not significantly associated with blood lipids, composite outcome (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.04; P-trend = 0.74), total mortality (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.15; P-trend = 0.38), or major CVD (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.01; P-trend = 0.20). Similar results were observed in ONTARGET/TRANSCEND studies for composite outcome (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.25; P-trend = 0.09), total mortality (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.24; P-trend = 0.55), and major CVD (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.29; P-trend = 0.12). Conclusions In 3 large international prospective studies including ∼177,000 individuals, 12,701 deaths, and 13,658 CVD events from 50 countries in 6 continents, we did not find significant associations between egg intake and blood lipids, mortality, or major CVD events. The ONTARGET and TRANSCEND trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00153101. The PURE trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03225586.

scholarly journals Assessing Neuropsychological Functions in Middle Childhood: a Narrative Review of Measures and Their Psychometric Properties Across Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maina Rachel ◽  
Van De Vijver J. R. Fons ◽  
Abubakar Amina ◽  
Miguel Perez-Garcia ◽  
Kumar Manasi
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
High Income ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background There is a significant number of neuropsychological measures for use among children aged 6–12 years. However, most of these tests have been developed in high-income contexts (HICs). To avoid or to at least to minimize bias in assessment, most researchers carry out cultural adaptations of these tools. In selecting sub-tests to adapt before using the entire test battery, researchers would benefit from having a reference source summarizing available tools and how easily they can be used in different context. This is where the paper makes a contribution. This narrative review has a twofold aim: first, to identify tools commonly used among 6–12-year-olds; second, to summarize the psychometric properties of these tools especially emphasizing their usage across different cultural contexts. Methods We searched the literature from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2017 for tools used among children aged 6 to 12 years. An extensive search of PubMed, Psych Info and Web of Science using the keywords (i) neuropsychological or neurocognitive with (ii) assessment or test was done. Results A hundred and forty-five papers out of 306 reported on psychometric properties of different tools including Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—BRIEF (count = 6), Visual-Motor Integration—VMI (count = 6), the Test of Memory Malingering—TOMM (count = 6), MSVT (count = 6) and Continuous Performance Tests—CPT (count = 6). Forty-six percent of the papers reported studies conducted in the USA. Most of these studies were based in high-income countries, which further highlights the need to validate these measures for use in lower- and middle-income countries. Psychometric check was adequate in most tests for measuring executive functioning such as BRIEF, although tests such as CPT that measure complex attention had mixed findings. Moreover, we found that these studies addressed certain aspects of validity and or reliability while leaving out others; thus, a comprehensive picture is lacking. Conclusion We propose further studies to thoroughly investigate and report the psychometric properties of these measures, especially in lower- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Comparing McDonald’s food marketing practices on official Instagram accounts across 15 countries

2021 ◽  
pp. e000229
Author(s):  
Omni Cassidy ◽  
Hye Won Shin ◽  
Edmund Song ◽  
Everett Jiang ◽  
Ravindra Harri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
High Income ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Food Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Advertising

BackgroundSocial media advertising by fast food companies continues to increase globally, and exposure to food advertising contributes to poor diet and negative health outcomes (eg, cardiovascular disease). McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—operates in 101 countries, but little is known about their marketing techniques in various regions. The objective of this study was to compare the social media advertising practices of McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—in 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries.MethodsWe randomly selected official McDonald’s Instagram accounts for 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries. We captured all the screenshots that McDonald’s posted on those Instagram accounts from September to December 2019. We quantified the number of followers, ‘likes’, ‘comments’ and video views associated with each account in April 2020. We used content analysis to examine differences in the marketing techniques.ResultsThe 15 accounts collectively maintained 10 million followers and generated 3.9 million ‘likes’, 164 816 comments and 38.2 million video views. We identified 849 posts. The three lower-middle-income countries had more posts (n=324; M, SD=108.0, 38.2 posts) than the five upper-middle-income countries (n=227; M, SD=45.4, 37.5 posts) and seven high-income countries (n=298; M, SD=42.6, 28.2 posts). Approximately 12% of the posts in high-income countries included child-targeted themes compared with 22% in lower-middle-income countries. Fourteen per cent of the posts in high-income countries included price promotions and free giveaways compared with 40% in lower-middle-income countries.ConclusionsSocial media advertising has enabled McDonald’s to reach millions of consumers in lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries with disproportionately greater child-targeted ads and price promotions in lower-middle-income countries. Such reach is concerning because of the increased risk of diet-related illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, in these regions.

scholarly journals Food environment interactions after migration: A scoping review of low- and middle-income country immigrants in high-income countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-67
Author(s):  
Aravinda Berggreen-Clausen ◽  
Sai Hseing Pha ◽  
Helle Mölsted Alvesson ◽  
Agneta Andersson ◽  
Meena Daivadanam
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Objective: To map and characterize the interactions between the food environment and immigrant populations from low- and middle-income countries living in high-income countries. Design: A scoping review was carried out following the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, as well as Levac et al. Peer-reviewed studies in English published between 2007 to 2021 were included. Two reviewers screened and selected the papers according to predefined inclusion criteria and reporting of results follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A ‘Best fit’ framework synthesis was carried out using the ANGELO framework. Setting: High-income countries. Subjects: Immigrants from low- and middle-income countries. Results: A total of 68 articles were included, primarily based in the USA, as well as Canada, Australia and Europe, with immigrants originating from five regions of the globe. The analysis identified three overarching themes that interconnected different aspects of the food environment in addition to the four themes of the ANGELO framework. They demonstrate that in valuing fresh, healthy and traditional foods, immigrants were compelled to surpass barriers in order to acquire these, though children’s demands, low incomes, time scarcity and mobility influenced the healthiness of the foods acquired. Conclusion: This study brought together evidence on interactions between immigrant populations and the food environment. Immigrants attempted to access fresh, traditional, healthier food, though they faced structural and family-level barriers that impacted the healthiness of the food they acquired. Understanding the food environment and interactions therein is key to proposing interventions and policies that can potentially impact the most vulnerable.

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