scholarly journals A New Method for Estimating the Coverage of Mass Vaccination Campaigns Against Poliomyelitis From Surveillance Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 182 (11) ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. O'Reilly ◽  
A. Cori ◽  
E. Durry ◽  
M. Z. Wadood ◽  
A. Bosan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
New Method ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

scholarly journals Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Angola, 1994–2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GASPAR ◽  
F. LEITE ◽  
L. BRUMANA ◽  
B. FÉLIX ◽  
A. A. STELLA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Meningococcal Meningitis ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

We describe six meningococcal disease outbreaks that occurred in Angola during the period 1994–2000. In total, 7140 cases were documented. The age groups most affected were 15–29 years and 5–14 years; there were no differences in incidence between the sexes. Circulation of both serogroup A and sporadic serogroup B strains was demonstrated. Mass vaccination campaigns with A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine were implemented, except in Yambala province in 1999 where insecure conditions precluded this intervention.Outbreaks of serogroup A meningococcal disease in Angola may indicate an extension of these epidemics outside the meningitis belt. Mass vaccination campaigns stopped the Angolan epidemics within weeks. Civil conflict and displaced persons living in crowded areas created serious difficulties for surveillance and impeded timely public health responses.

scholarly journals Measles Outbreak Associated With Low Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia, 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. Hales ◽  
Eliaser Johnson ◽  
Louisa Helgenberger ◽  
Mark J. Papania ◽  
Maribeth Larzelere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Federated States Of Micronesia ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Background.  A measles outbreak in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in 2014 affected many persons who had received ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A mass vaccination campaign targeted persons aged 6 months to 49 years, regardless of prior vaccination. Methods.  We evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MCV by comparing secondary attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts after household exposure to measles. Results.  Among 318 contacts, VE for precampaign MCV was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], −425 to 87.3) for 1 dose, 63.4% (95% CI, −103 to 90.6) for 2 doses, and 95.9% (95% CI, 45.0 to 100) for 3 doses. Vaccine effectiveness was 78.7% (95% CI, 10.1 to 97.7) for campaign doses received ≥5 days before rash onset in the primary case and 50.4% (95% CI, −52.1 to 87.9) for doses received 4 days before to 3 days after rash onset in the primary case. Vaccine effectiveness for most recent doses received before 2010 ranged from 51% to 57%, but it increased to 84% for second doses received in 2010 or later. Conclusions.  Low VE was a major source of measles susceptibility in this outbreak; potential reasons include historical cold chain inadequacies or waning of immunity. Vaccine effectiveness of campaign doses supports rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns in outbreak settings.

scholarly journals Routine immunization services in the light of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2867
Author(s):  
Chinnu Sara Varughese ◽  
Anuradha Kunal Shah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

World immunisation week is observed every year in the last week of 24th April to 30th April. Many parts of the world are still reeling under the threats of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and the importance of vaccination cannot be understated even in times of any other crisis. Worldwide, millions of children are saved from the grip of infectious diseases like polio and measles, and annually, around 2 to 3 million deaths are being averted. Routine immunization services, mass vaccination campaigns, catch up, and mop up sessions through outreach activities form part of the vaccine delivery strategies.

Characteristics of the New Embrittlement Correlation Method for the Japanese Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Soneda ◽  
Akiyoshi Nomoto
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Reactor Pressure Vessel ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
New Method ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Microstructural Changes ◽  
Pressure Vessel Steels ◽  
Reactor Pressure

Neutron irradiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steels is an important ageing issue for the long term operation of light water reactors. A new embrittlement correlation method was developed by CRIEPI and the Japanese electric utilities in 2007. This method is primarily based on the fundamental understandings on the embrittlement mechanisms: i.e. microstructural changes were modeled by the mathematical form of rate equations, and the predicted microstructural changes were further correlated with the mechanical property changes in transition temperature region. The coefficients of the rate equations were optimized using the Japanese surveillance data of RPV embrittlement. This method was adopted as the revision of the Japanese code, JEAC 4201–2007, in 2007. In this paper, after a brief explanation on the new correlation method, the predictions of the new method will be investigated through comparisons with the previous correlation, JEAC4201–2004, and the US surveillance data in order to identify the characteristics of the new method.

scholarly journals Insights on Population Structure and Within-Host Genetic Changes among Meningococcal Carriage Isolates from U.S. Universities

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep J. Joseph ◽  
Nadav Topaz ◽  
How-Yi Chang ◽  
Melissa J. Whaley ◽  
Jeni T. Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

ABSTRACT In 2015 and 2016, meningococcal carriage evaluations were conducted at two universities in the United States following mass vaccination campaigns in response to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) disease outbreaks. A simultaneous carriage evaluation was also conducted at a university near one of the outbreaks, where no NmB cases were reported and no mass vaccination occurred. A total of ten cross-sectional carriage evaluation rounds were conducted, resulting in 1,514 meningococcal carriage isolates collected from 7,001 unique participants; 1,587 individuals were swabbed at multiple time points (repeat participants). All isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The most frequently observed clonal complexes (CC) were CC198 (27.3%), followed by CC1157 (17.4%), CC41/44 (9.8%), CC35 (7.4%), and CC32 (5.6%). Phylogenetic analysis identified carriage isolates that were highly similar to the NmB outbreak strains; comparative genomics between these outbreak and carriage isolates revealed genetic changes in virulence genes. Among repeat participants, 348 individuals carried meningococcal bacteria during at least one carriage evaluation round; 50.3% retained N. meningitidis carriage of a strain with the same sequence type (ST) and CC across rounds, 44.3% only carried N. meningitidis in one round, and 5.4% acquired a new N. meningitidis strain between rounds. Recombination, point mutations, deletions, and simple sequence repeats were the most frequent genetic mechanisms found in isolates collected from hosts carrying a strain of the same ST and CC across rounds. Our findings provide insight on the dynamics of meningococcal carriage among a population that is at higher risk for invasive meningococcal disease than the general population. IMPORTANCE U.S. university students are at a higher risk of invasive meningococcal disease than the general population. The responsible pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis, can be carried asymptomatically in the oropharynx; the dynamics of meningococcal carriage and the genetic features that distinguish carriage versus disease states are not completely understood. Through our analyses, we aimed to provide data to address these topics. We whole-genome sequenced 1,514 meningococcal carriage isolates from individuals at three U.S. universities, two of which underwent mass vaccination campaigns following recent meningococcal outbreaks. We describe the within-host genetic changes among individuals carrying a strain with the same molecular type over time, the primary strains being carried in this population, and the genetic differences between closely related outbreak and carriage strains. Our results provide detailed information on the dynamics of meningococcal carriage and the genetic differences in carriage and outbreak strains, which can inform future efforts to reduce the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Greenough ◽  
Stuart Blume ◽  
Christine Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Government-organised vaccination campaigns are political projects that presume to shape the immunity of whole populations.1 Like other pervasive expressions of state power – taxing, policing, conscripting – mass vaccination arouses anxiety in some people but sentiments of civic duty and shared solidarity in others. As a rule, controversy clings to immunisation programmes,...

Effectiveness of systematic foot and mouth disease mass vaccination campaigns in Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 917-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. LEON ◽  
A.M. PEREZ ◽  
M.A. STEVENSON ◽  
B. ROBOLIO ◽  
N.M. MATTION ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of endemic cholera transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L Chao
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indirect Protection ◽  
Endemic Cholera

Abstract Mathematical modeling can be used to project the impact of mass vaccination on cholera transmission. Here, we discuss two examples for which indirect protection from mass vaccination needs to be considered. In the first, we show that non-vaccinees can be protected by mass vaccination campaigns. This additional benefit of indirect protection improves the cost-effectiveness of mass vaccination. In the second, we model the use of mass vaccination to eliminate cholera. In this case, a high population level of immunity, including contributions from infection and vaccination, is required to reach the “herd immunity” threshold needed to stop transmission and achieve elimination.

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