scholarly journals A-024 The Relationship Between Levels of Insight and Memory Performance in Patients with Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 814-814
Author(s):  
Cohen C ◽  
Guidotti Breting L ◽  
Klipfel K ◽  
Geary E ◽  
Sweet J
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective Impaired awareness of cognitive and functional decline is common in dementia syndromes. Insight into cognitive changes is often assessed during a clinical interview, questioning of independent activities of daily living, or via self-report measures of functional abilities. Few studies have examined patient insight in a neuropsychological test performance. The current study investigated the relationship between memory performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition(WMS-IV) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised(HVLT-R) with level of insight in patients with dementia. Insight was determined from the clinician-based insight rating item on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II(BDS-II). Method Patients with dementia (ages 50–91) from an outpatient clinic referred for memory testing were divided into groups based on their BDS-II insight score: intact(n = 52), moderate(n = 30), and none/poor(n = 29). One-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses examined the insight differences for immediate recall(IR) and delayed recall(DR) trials on the WMS-IV Visual Reproduction(VRI/II) and Logical Memory(LMI/II) subtests and the HVLT-R. No group differences were found for age or education. Results Analyses revealed significant group differences on the HVLT-R IR [F(2,96) = 5.33,p < .01] and VRI [F(2,100) = 4.88,p < .01], with no significant differences for LM. Post hoc analyses demonstrated poorer performance in the none/poor insight group compared to the moderate (HVLT:p < .05,Cohen’s(d) = .95;VR:p < .05,d = .67) and intact insight groups (HVLT:p < .05,d = .75;VR:p < .05,d = .71). Performance between moderate and intact groups did not differ. There were no significant group effects in the three DR measures. Conclusions Findings suggest that patients with poor insight performed worse on IR measures. The presence of poor insight, in the context of impaired IR performances, may assist in recommendations regarding future functional supports.

A Preliminary Study of P200 in First-episode Patients, their Relatives and Healthy Controls: Search of New Endophenotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Silveira ◽  
F. Santos ◽  
F. Barbosa ◽  
A. Pedro ◽  
A. Palha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Background/Objective:Despite the well established genetic basis of schizophrenia, the relationship between genes and the disorder itself is still elusive. Individual endophenotypes, which reduce the complexity of genetic analyses, allow statistical approaches with quantitative trait methodologies. P200 abnormalities of event-related potentials have been reported in schizophrenia with conflicting results. The present study aims to characterize the P200 in first-episode patients and to compare it with that of first-degree relatives and controls.Methods:ERPs were recorded at 19 sites with an auditory oddball for 21 first-episode patients with schizophrenia (mean age=25.14; SD=6.20), 41 of their first degree relatives (mean age=47.65; SD=15.53) and 19 healthy controls (mean age=26.32; SD=7.16). Potentials were averaged for frequent stimuli and P200 amplitude and latency measures were obtained.Results:Analysis of midline electrodes revealed significant group effects for P200 peak amplitudes (F(2, 78)=3.315, p=.042), but not for peak latencies. Post-hoc analyses revealed that patients with schizophrenia present significantly lower P200 amplitudes (M=2.466; SD=1.564) than controls (M=5.037; SD=2.500) at Pz (T(38)=3.851, p=.003). No other significant differences were found.Conclusion:The results obtained do not straight-forwardly support the P200 peak amplitude nor peak latency as an endophenotype of schizophrenia. However, the trends of our results may suggest that the P200 amplitudes of relatives may present intermediate values between healthy controls (with higher amplitudes) and patients (with lower amplitudes). Further statistical analyses will be required in order to disentangle the effects of possible confounding variables.

scholarly journals Effects of Illiteracy on the European Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB)

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Rune Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Neuropsychological Test Battery ◽  
Turkish Immigrants ◽  
Participant Characteristics ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Objectives Test performances of illiterate and literate immigrants were compared to investigate the effects of illiteracy on the European Cross-cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB), and associations between test performance and participant characteristics were examined. Method Participants were 20 illiterate and 21 literate middle-aged and older Turkish immigrants (50–85 years) matched by age and gender that completed the CNTB as well as a number of demographic and medical questionnaires. Results No significant group differences or correlations between education, acculturation or health characteristics and test performances were found on 10 of 16 measures. Illiteracy status and participant characteristics affected measures of mental processing speed, executive function, and visuoconstruction. Conclusions The preliminary findings suggest that several of the measures in the CNTB may be valid for assessment of cognitive functioning in people who are illiterate when applied using available normative data. However, these findings need to be replicated in larger samples.

scholarly journals The Factorial Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7603
Author(s):  
Cathrine Nyhus Hagum ◽  
Shaher A. I. Shalfawi
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mimic Model ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Norwegian Version ◽  
Distress Scale

Background: Athlete self-report measures (ASRM) are methods of athlete monitoring, which have gained considerable popularity in recent years. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS), consisting of 22 items, is a promising self-report measure to assess training distress among athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian version of MTDS (MTDS-N) among student-athletes (n = 632) attending the optional program subject “Top-Level Sports” in upper secondary schools in Norway. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model proposed by Main and Grove (2009). McDonald’s omega (ω) along with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate scale reliability. After examining the fit of the CFA model in the total sample, covariates were included to investigate group differences in latent variables of MTDS-N, resulting in the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. Further, direct paths between the covariates and the factor indicators were included in an extended MIMIC model to investigate whether responses to items differed between groups, resulting in differential item functioning (DIF). Results: When modification indices (MIs) were taken into consideration, the alternative CFA model revealed that MTDS-N is an acceptable psychometric tool with a good fit index. The factors in MTDS-N all constituted high scale reliability with McDonald’s ω ranging from 0.725–0.862. The results indicated statistically significant group differences in factor scores for gender, type of sport, hours of training per week, school program, and school level. Further, results showed that DIF occurred in 13 of the MTDS-N items. However, after assessing the MIMIC model and the extended MIMIC model, the factor structure remained unchanged, and the model fit remained within acceptable values. The student-athletes’ reports of training distress were moderate. Conclusion: The MTDS-N was found to be suitable for use in a Norwegian population to assess student-athletes’ training distress in a reliable manner. The indications of group effects suggest that caution should be used if one is interested in making group comparisons when the MTDS-N is used among student-athletes in Norway until further research is conducted.

scholarly journals B-56 Personal and Family Psychiatric Histories and Self-Report of Post-Concussive Symptoms in Concussed Children and Adolescents with Prolonged Recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002-1002
Author(s):  
K Hassara ◽  
D Pulsipher ◽  
L Stanford ◽  
B Schneider ◽  
E Krapf
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Clinical Database ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Prolonged Recovery ◽  
Concussion Recovery ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objective This study seeks to examine whether personal psychiatric history (PPH) and/or family psychiatric history (FPH) are related to prolonged concussion recovery and increased post-concussive symptoms (PCs) in concussed children and adolescents. We hypothesized that individuals with PPH/FPH would endorse a greater number of and more severe PCs relative to those with concussion only or concussion with either PPH or FPH. Methods Data from 255 concussed 8 to 18-year-olds (median = 15.50 years, range = 10.25 years) were retrospectively examined from a clinical database excluding patients with confounding medical comorbidities. PCs (i.e., total symptom count and severity [frequency, intensity, and duration of symptoms]) were compared among four groups (concussion only [n = 80], concussion + PPH [n = 14], concussion + FPH [n = 125], and concussion + PPH/FPH [n = 36]) using a multivariate Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests. Results The omnibus analysis indicated group differences for injury interval (p = 0.05) and PCs severity (p = 0.002). Post-hoc analyses indicated patients with concussion + PPH/FPH reported greater PCs severity than those with concussion only (U = 726.00, p = 0.0001, r = 0.36) and those with concussion + FPH (U = 1203.00, p = 0.003, r = 0.23). Injury interval was greater for patients with concussion + FPH than those with concussion alone (U = 3474.50, p = 0.007, r = 0.19). Other group differences were non-significant. Conclusions All groups reported a similar number of PCs. FPH contributes to severity of symptoms when combined with PPH. PPH alone did not significantly affect PCs severity. Findings suggest that providers should screen for both PPH and FPH at the time of concussion diagnosis. Early identification of risk factors may lead to targeted intervention, therefore reducing persistent PCs.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study of p200 in First-episode Patients, their Relatives and Healthy Controls: Search of New Endophenotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Silveira ◽  
F. Santos ◽  
F. Barbosa ◽  
A. Pedro ◽  
A. Palha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Background/Objective:Despite the well established genetic basis of schizophrenia, the relationship between genes and the disorder itself is still elusive. Individual endophenotypes, which reduce the complexity of genetic analyses, allow statistical approaches with quantitative trait methodologies. P200 abnormalities of event-related potentials have been reported in schizophrenia with conflicting results. the present study aims to characterize the P200 in first-episode patients and to compare it with that of first-degree relatives and controls.Methods:ERPs were recorded at 19 sites with an auditory oddball for 21 first-episode patients with schizophrenia (mean age=25.14; SD=6.20), 41 of their first degree relatives (mean age=47.65; SD=15.53) and 19 healthy controls (mean age=26.32; SD=7.16). Potentials were averaged for frequent stimuli and P200 amplitude and latency measures were obtained.Results:Analysis of midline electrodes revealed significant group effects for P200 peak amplitudes (F(2, 78)=3.315, p=.042), but not for peak latencies. Post-hoc analyses revealed that patients with schizophrenia present significantly lower P200 amplitudes (M=2.466; SD=1.564) than controls (M=5.037; SD=2.500) at Pz (T(38)=3.851, p=.003). No other significant differences were found.Conclusion:The results obtained do not straight-forwardly support the P200 peak amplitude nor peak latency as an endophenotype of schizophrenia. However, the trends of our results may suggest that the P200 amplitudes of relatives may present intermediate values between healthy controls (with higher amplitudes) and patients (with lower amplitudes). Further statistical analyses will be required in order to disentangle the effects of possible confounding variables.

Impaired List Learning Is Not a General Property of Frontal Lesions

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1422-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Alexander ◽  
Donald Stuss ◽  
Susan Gillingham
Keyword(s):  
General Property ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
List Learning ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Frontal Lesions

Background: List-learning tasks are frequently used to provide measures of “executive functions” that are believed necessary for successful memory performance. Small sample sizes, confounding anomia, and incomplete representation of all frontal regions have prevented consistent demonstration of distinct regional frontal effects on this task. Objective: To confirm specific effects of lesions in different frontal regions. Subjects: Forty-one patients with chronic focal frontal lesions and 38 control subjects. There were no group differences in naming scores. Methods: Two word lists were presented, one with unblocked words from related categories and one in a preblocked format. Standard measures of learning, recall, recognition, and strategies were obtained, first for the frontal group as a whole and then for large but defined frontal regions. For all measures with significant group differences, a lesion “hotspotting” method identified possible specific regional injury effects. Results: The frontal group was impaired on almost all measures, but impairments on most measures were particularly identified with lesions in the left superior frontal lobe (approximately area 9s) and some deficits in learning processes were surprisingly more prominent on the blocked list. Conclusion: Difficulty with list learning is not a general property of all frontal lesions. Lesions in different frontal regions impair list learning through specific mechanisms, and these effects may be modified by manipulations of the task structure.

The Relationship Between Pain, Self-Injury, and Other Problem Behaviors in Young Children With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea B. Courtemanche ◽  
William R. Black ◽  
R. Matthew Reese
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Children's Pain ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Research has suggested that individuals who engage in self-injurious behavior may have enhanced expressions of pain, which contradicts previous assertions of blunted pain sensitivity in this population. The purpose of this study was to measure expressions of pain among young children being evaluated for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. The frequency of pain-related behaviors was assessed during everyday routines using the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist (NCCPC-R) for 51 children. Significant group differences between children with and without self-injury were found for the NCCPC-R total scores. The frequency and severity of self-injury, aggression, and stereotypy were also highly correlated with the total scores on the NCCPC-R. These results continue to support that individuals with self-injury may have enhanced expressions of pain.

A Simplified Paired-Associate Test for Elderly Hospital Patients

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (464) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Isaacs ◽  
Frank A. Walkey
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Old People ◽  
Mental Impairment ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
The Relationship

In studies of the incidence and prognosis of disease in the elderly it is valuable to have an objective measure of the patient's mental state. In a previous paper (Isaacs, 1962) a paired-associate verbal learning test devised by Inglis (1959) was applied to a group of 50 normal and 100 hospitalized old people, and was found to give useful information on the relationship between test performance and such factors as incontinence of urine and prognosis for rehabilitation. In the present study a simplified version of this test was performed on a larger number of elderly hospital patients. The test proved valuable in determining the characteristics of patients with varying degrees of mental impairment.

scholarly journals Perceived Injustice Moderates the Relationship between Pain and Depressive Symptoms among Individuals with Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Scott ◽  
Michael Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Numerous investigations report that depressive symptoms frequently coexist with persistent pain. However, evidence suggests that symptoms of depression are not an inevitable consequence of pain. Diathesis-stress formulations suggest that psychological factors interact with the stress of pain to heighten the risk of depressive symptoms. Perceptions of injustice have recently emerged as a factor that may interact with the stress of pain to increase depressive symptoms.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether perceived injustice moderates the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms.METHODS: A total of 107 individuals with persistent musculoskeletal pain completed self-report measures of pain severity, depressive symptoms, perceived injustice and catastrophizing.RESULTS: A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the interaction between pain severity and perceived injustice uniquely contributed an additional 6% of the variance to the prediction of depressive symptoms, beyond the main effects of these variables. Post hoc probing indicated that pain was significantly related to depressive symptoms at high, but not low levels of perceived injustice. This finding remained statistically significant even when controlling for pain catastrophizing.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that perceived injustice augments the relationship between pain severity and depressive symptoms. The inclusion of techniques specifically targeting perceptions of injustice may enhance the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of depression for individuals presenting with strong perceptions of injustice.

Effectiveness of Association Splitting in Reducing Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in a Nonclinical Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris C. Rodríguez-Martín ◽  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Osana Molerio-Pérez ◽  
Patricia Gil-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Positive Effect

Background:Association Splitting (AS) is a novel cognitive technique, which has shown some promise for the reduction of obsessive thoughts in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Its effect on unwanted intrusive thoughts (UITs) in the general population is yet unknown.Method:Our experimental study tested the effect of AS in 49 participants who reported UITs as a regular problem. Participants were randomly allocated either to an AS versus waitlist control (WL) condition. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was used for measuring changes over time.Results:Significant group differences were found across time. Relative to WL, AS exerted a positive effect on the reduction of UITs yielding a large effect size. According to self-report AS exerted a positive effect 6 days after the participants had initiated the exercises. All subjects in the AS condition judged the technique as effectiveConclusion:Results suggest that AS could be a suitable intervention to help people with a potential vulnerability to a clinical problem to control their UITs.

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