scholarly journals The Factorial Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7603
Author(s):  
Cathrine Nyhus Hagum ◽  
Shaher A. I. Shalfawi
Keyword(s):  
Student Athletes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Mimic Model ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Norwegian Version ◽  
Distress Scale

Background: Athlete self-report measures (ASRM) are methods of athlete monitoring, which have gained considerable popularity in recent years. The Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS), consisting of 22 items, is a promising self-report measure to assess training distress among athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian version of MTDS (MTDS-N) among student-athletes (n = 632) attending the optional program subject “Top-Level Sports” in upper secondary schools in Norway. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the six-factor model proposed by Main and Grove (2009). McDonald’s omega (ω) along with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate scale reliability. After examining the fit of the CFA model in the total sample, covariates were included to investigate group differences in latent variables of MTDS-N, resulting in the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. Further, direct paths between the covariates and the factor indicators were included in an extended MIMIC model to investigate whether responses to items differed between groups, resulting in differential item functioning (DIF). Results: When modification indices (MIs) were taken into consideration, the alternative CFA model revealed that MTDS-N is an acceptable psychometric tool with a good fit index. The factors in MTDS-N all constituted high scale reliability with McDonald’s ω ranging from 0.725–0.862. The results indicated statistically significant group differences in factor scores for gender, type of sport, hours of training per week, school program, and school level. Further, results showed that DIF occurred in 13 of the MTDS-N items. However, after assessing the MIMIC model and the extended MIMIC model, the factor structure remained unchanged, and the model fit remained within acceptable values. The student-athletes’ reports of training distress were moderate. Conclusion: The MTDS-N was found to be suitable for use in a Norwegian population to assess student-athletes’ training distress in a reliable manner. The indications of group effects suggest that caution should be used if one is interested in making group comparisons when the MTDS-N is used among student-athletes in Norway until further research is conducted.

Breaching confidentiality to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Rahsan Sivis-Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
School Counsellors ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis study examined Turkish school counsellors’ (SCs) ratings of the importance of factors in deciding to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators (SAs). A sample of Turkish SCs (N = 252) were surveyed. Most and least important factors were determined. Group differences in terms of gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were investigated. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in group comparisons. ‘Protecting the student’ was rated as the most important factor, and ‘Gender of the student’ was the least important factor. Statistically significant group differences with respect to gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were identified. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Effectiveness of Association Splitting in Reducing Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in a Nonclinical Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris C. Rodríguez-Martín ◽  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Osana Molerio-Pérez ◽  
Patricia Gil-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Positive Effect

Background:Association Splitting (AS) is a novel cognitive technique, which has shown some promise for the reduction of obsessive thoughts in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Its effect on unwanted intrusive thoughts (UITs) in the general population is yet unknown.Method:Our experimental study tested the effect of AS in 49 participants who reported UITs as a regular problem. Participants were randomly allocated either to an AS versus waitlist control (WL) condition. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was used for measuring changes over time.Results:Significant group differences were found across time. Relative to WL, AS exerted a positive effect on the reduction of UITs yielding a large effect size. According to self-report AS exerted a positive effect 6 days after the participants had initiated the exercises. All subjects in the AS condition judged the technique as effectiveConclusion:Results suggest that AS could be a suitable intervention to help people with a potential vulnerability to a clinical problem to control their UITs.

scholarly journals Contextual Information Modulates Pupil Size in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Tortelli ◽  
Antonella Pomè ◽  
Marco Turi ◽  
Roberta Igliozzi ◽  
David Charles Burr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background. Recent Bayesian models suggest that perception is more “data-driven” and less dependent on contextual information in autistic individuals than others. However, experimental tests of this hypothesis have given mixed results, possibly due to the lack of objectivity of the self-report methods typically employed. Here we introduce an objective no-report paradigm based on pupillometry to assess the processing of contextual information in autistic children and a comparison clinical group.Methods. After validating (in a group of neurotypical adults) a child-friendly pupillometric paradigm, in which we embedded test images within an animation movie that participants watched passively, we compared pupillary response to images of the sun and meaningless control images in children with autism versus age- and IQ-matched children presenting developmental disorders unrelated to the autistic spectrum. Results. Both clinical groups showed stronger pupillary constriction for the sun images compared with control images, like the neurotypical adults. There was no detectable difference between autistic children and the comparison group (in spite of a significant difference in pupillary light responses, enhanced in the autistic group). Limitations: Having found no statistically significant differences between groups, we cannot exclude that group differences existed but were too small to be detected – a critique that applies to most negative findings. Additional limitations concern the heterogeneous composition of the comparison group and the types of stimuli tested, which only allowed for studying the effect of context on relatively complex perceptual processes. Conclusions: Our report introduces an objective technique for studying perception in clinical samples and children. The lack of statistically significant group differences in our tests suggests that autistic children and the comparison group do not show large differences in perception of these stimuli. This opens the way to further studies testing contextual processing at other levels of perception.

scholarly journals Effects of Multiple Mild TBIs on Neuropsychological Functioning, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Neurobehavioral/Health-Related Symptoms in Combat-Exposed Veterans

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-851
Author(s):  
V Merritt ◽  
S Jurick ◽  
L Crocker ◽  
S Hoffman ◽  
A Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Pain Symptoms

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of multiple mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) on objective neuropsychological functioning and subjective symptom reporting in a sample of combat-exposed Veterans. Method Participants included 80 combat-exposed Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans (91.3% male; age: M = 34.33, SD = 6.44) divided into three groups based on mTBI history: 0 mTBIs (n = 33), 1-2 mTBIs (n = 26), and 3+ mTBIs (n = 21). Veterans with mTBI were assessed, on average, 7.5 years following their most recent mTBI. Participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing and completed self-report measures assessing psychiatric and neurobehavioral/health-related symptoms. Results ANCOVAs adjusting for level of combat exposure showed no group differences on the memory and attention/executive functioning composite scores (p’s>.05). Additionally, groups did not differ with respect to symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression (p’s>.05). In contrast, there were significant group differences on all neurobehavioral/health-related symptoms, including post-concussive symptom clusters (p’s < .001-.005), sleep problems (p = .024), pain symptoms (p < .001), and pain catastrophizing (p = .049). In general, Veterans with 3+ mTBIs self-reported the most severe symptoms, followed by Veterans with 1-2 mTBIs and 0 mTBIs. Conclusions History of multiple, remote mTBIs is associated with elevated subjective neurobehavioral/health-related symptoms in a dose-dependent fashion, but is not associated with objective neuropsychological functioning or ratings of psychiatric distress in combat-exposed Veterans. These results advance understanding of the long-term consequences of multiple mTBIs in this population and suggest that Veterans with 3 or more mTBIs may especially benefit from (1) early treatments aimed at ameliorating sleep and pain symptoms and (2) therapies that provide tools to temper catastrophic thinking about these symptoms.

scholarly journals Do EEG and Startle Reflex Modulation Vary with Self-Reported Aggression in Response to Violent Images?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Sajeev Kunaharan ◽  
Sean Halpin ◽  
Thiagarajan Sitharthan ◽  
Peter Walla
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Reflex Modulation ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials

Increased violence and aggressive tendencies are a problem in much of the world and are often symptomatic of many other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Among clinicians, current methods of diagnosis of problem aggressive behaviour rely heavily on the use of self-report measures as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). This approach does not place adequate emphasis on objective measures that are potentially sensitive to processes not feeding into subjective self-report. Numerous studies provide evidence that attitudes and affective content can be processed without leading to verbalised output. This exploratory study aimed to determine whether individuals in the normal population, grouped by self-reported aggression, differed in subjective versus objective affective processing. Participants (N = 52) were grouped based on their responses to the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory. They were then presented with affect-inducing images while brain event-related potentials (ERPs) and startle reflex modulation (SRM) were recorded to determine non-language-based processes. Explicit valence and arousal ratings for each image were taken to determine subjective affective effects. Results indicated no significant group differences for explicit ratings and SRM. However, ERP results demonstrated significant group differences between the ‘pleasant’ and ‘violent’ emotion condition in the frontal, central and parietal areas across both hemispheres. These findings suggest that parts of the brain process affective stimuli different to what conscious appraisal comes up with in participants varying in self-reported aggression.

scholarly journals Associations Between Multiple Remote Mild TBIs and Objective Neuropsychological Functioning and Subjective Symptoms in Combat-Exposed Veterans

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C Merritt ◽  
Sarah M Jurick ◽  
Laura D Crocker ◽  
Molly J Sullan ◽  
McKenna S Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Combat Exposure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Psychiatric Distress ◽  
Pain Symptoms

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between multiple mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) and objective and subjective clinical outcomes in a sample of combat-exposed Veterans, adjusting for psychiatric distress and combat exposure. Method In this cross-sectional study, 73 combat-exposed Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans were divided into three groups based on mTBI history: 0 mTBIs (n = 31), 1–2 mTBIs (n = 21), and 3+ mTBIs (n = 21). Veterans with mTBI were assessed, on average, 7.78 years following their most recent mTBI. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and completed self-report measures assessing neurobehavioral, sleep, and pain symptoms. Results MANCOVAs adjusting for psychiatric distress and combat exposure showed no group differences on objective measures of attention/working memory, executive functioning, memory, and processing speed (all p’s &gt; .05; ηp2 = .00–.06). In contrast, there were significant group differences on neurobehavioral symptoms (p’s = &lt; .001–.036; ηp2 = .09–.43), sleep difficulties (p = .037; ηp2 = .09), and pain symptoms (p &lt; .001; ηp2 = .21). Pairwise comparisons generally showed that the 3+ mTBI group self-reported the most severe symptoms, followed by comparable symptom reporting between the 0 and 1–2 mTBI groups. Conclusions History of multiple, remote mTBIs is associated with elevated subjective symptoms but not objective neuropsychological functioning in combat-exposed Veterans. These results advance understanding of the long-term consequences of repetitive mTBI in this population and suggest that Veterans with 3+ mTBIs may especially benefit from tailored treatments aimed at ameliorating specific neurobehavioral, sleep, and pain symptoms.

scholarly journals Effect of Diagnosed Sleep Disorders on Baseline Concussion Symptom, Cognitive, and Balance Assessments in Collegiate Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-999
Author(s):  
Jamie McAllister-Deitrick ◽  
Alicia M. Trbovich ◽  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
Michael McCrea ◽  
Thomas W. McAllister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
History Of

Background: Symptoms, cognition, balance, and other domains are commonly assessed at baseline testing as part of comprehensive preseason evaluations among collegiate student-athletes. Although approximately 27% of college students have at least 1 sleep disorder, researchers have yet to examine the role of a preexisting sleep disorder on preinjury baseline performance. Purpose: To compare athletes with and without a reported history of diagnosed sleep disorders on commonly used baseline concussion assessments. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 666 National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes completed baseline measures including the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Brief Symptom Inventory–18 (BSI-18), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool–5th Edition (SCAT5), and Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC). There were 333 athletes with a history of diagnosed sleep disorders who were matched on age, sex, sport, and concussion history to 333 athletes with no history of diagnosed sleep disorders. Participants in both groups had a mean age of 19.89 ± 1.36 years and included 182 (54.7%) male athletes, and 126 (37.8%) reported a history of ≥1 concussions. Results: A series of 1-way analyses of covariance with Bonferroni corrections revealed significant group differences on the BESS (F1,559 = 8.88; P < .01); BSI-18 somatization (F1,640 = 18.48; P < .01), depression (F1,640 = 18.78; P < .01), anxiety (F1,640 = 19.42; P < .01), and global severity index (F1,640 = 27.18; P < .01); PCSS (F1,424 = 29.42; P < .01); SCAT5 symptom number (F1,634 = 28.79; P < .01) and symptom severity (F1,634 = 31.74; P < .01); and SAC (F1,578 = 4.36; P = .037). Specifically, while the sleep disorder group did perform better on the BESS, they also reported higher symptoms on the BSI-18, PCSS, and SCAT5 and performed worse on the SAC. There were no group differences on ImPACT performance. Conclusion: Collegiate student-athletes with diagnosed sleep disorders reported elevated affective and concussion symptoms at baseline that could affect the interpretation of postinjury impairments and symptoms. Based on the small effect sizes of our findings, however, the magnitude of these differences is of questionable clinical significance. Still, clinicians should consider diagnosed sleep disorders as reported during preparticipation sports physical examinations when interpreting baseline and postinjury concussion assessments.

scholarly journals A-024 The Relationship Between Levels of Insight and Memory Performance in Patients with Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 814-814
Author(s):  
Cohen C ◽  
Guidotti Breting L ◽  
Klipfel K ◽  
Geary E ◽  
Sweet J
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective Impaired awareness of cognitive and functional decline is common in dementia syndromes. Insight into cognitive changes is often assessed during a clinical interview, questioning of independent activities of daily living, or via self-report measures of functional abilities. Few studies have examined patient insight in a neuropsychological test performance. The current study investigated the relationship between memory performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition(WMS-IV) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised(HVLT-R) with level of insight in patients with dementia. Insight was determined from the clinician-based insight rating item on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II(BDS-II). Method Patients with dementia (ages 50–91) from an outpatient clinic referred for memory testing were divided into groups based on their BDS-II insight score: intact(n = 52), moderate(n = 30), and none/poor(n = 29). One-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses examined the insight differences for immediate recall(IR) and delayed recall(DR) trials on the WMS-IV Visual Reproduction(VRI/II) and Logical Memory(LMI/II) subtests and the HVLT-R. No group differences were found for age or education. Results Analyses revealed significant group differences on the HVLT-R IR [F(2,96) = 5.33,p &lt; .01] and VRI [F(2,100) = 4.88,p &lt; .01], with no significant differences for LM. Post hoc analyses demonstrated poorer performance in the none/poor insight group compared to the moderate (HVLT:p &lt; .05,Cohen’s(d) = .95;VR:p &lt; .05,d = .67) and intact insight groups (HVLT:p &lt; .05,d = .75;VR:p &lt; .05,d = .71). Performance between moderate and intact groups did not differ. There were no significant group effects in the three DR measures. Conclusions Findings suggest that patients with poor insight performed worse on IR measures. The presence of poor insight, in the context of impaired IR performances, may assist in recommendations regarding future functional supports.

Affective self-report during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test: Group differences

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY L. AHERN ◽  
ANNE M. HERRING ◽  
DAVID M. LABINER ◽  
MARTIN E. WEINAND ◽  
RONALD HUTZLER
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Cerebral Lateralization ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Sodium Amobarbital

Emotional reactions are sometimes observed during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. For instance, euphoric/indifference reactions can be seen during right hemisphere inactivation and catastrophic reactions may accompany left hemisphere inactivation. Less dramatic changes can also be detected in affective self-report during left and right hemisphere amobarbital tests, with more negative affect reported during left hemisphere inactivation and either neutral or mildly positive affective states reported during right hemisphere inactivation. The current study not only replicated this effect, but in addition, found significant group differences. The first group (right way) showed a pattern of affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests entirely consistent with prior findings, while a second group (wrong way) showed results that behaved in a diametrically opposite fashion. A third group (no change) showed little, if any, difference in affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests. The major factor distinguishing the wrong way group from the other two appeared to be an asymmetrical distribution of left and right temporal lobe lesions in the former group. In contrast, the factor differentiating the right way group from the no change group appeared to be the relative degree of left hemisphere inactivation during the left hemisphere amobarbital test. The results are discussed not only in terms of their impact on theories of cerebral lateralization for emotion, but also in terms of methodological issues in this field. (JINS, 2000, 6, 659–667.)

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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