scholarly journals A-027 Differentiating HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder from Alzheimer’s Disease: A Neuropsychological Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-817
Author(s):  
Eilenberger D
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Weighted Effect ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Abstract Objective This meta-analysis examined the potential for executive function, episodic memory, and motor function to differentiate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in an attempt to aid in accurate differential diagnosis. Data Selection The literature search identified records investigating neuropsychological test performance associated with HAND and AD. Databases used were: PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, and Medline with Full Text. Eligibility was assessed using the following inclusion criteria: (a) study examines HAND or AD, (b) diagnosis is determined using standard diagnostic criteria, (c) study contains data regarding executive function, episodic memory, and/or motor function, (d) study published in English, (e) study is quantitative, and (f) study contains statistical information for effect size calculations. A total of 947 relevant studies were initially identified. Twenty studies were included. Data Synthesis Group difference effect sizes were converted/calculated using Cohen’s d and Cohen’s (1998) conventions. Three weighted effect sizes were calculated for constructs of interest for each disorder. Weighted effect size for executive function was large for each group (HAND d = 1.28; AD d = 1.57). A large weighted effect size for episodic memory in AD (AD d = −2.17) and a medium effect size for HAND (HAND d = −0.65) were calculated. A large weighted effect size was determined for motor function in AD (d = 3.60), while a small effect size was calculated for HAND (d = 0.27). Conclusions Level of impairment in episodic memory and motor function can be used to differentiate HAND from AD. Executive function lacked differences needed for diagnostic differentiation. Future research should be done directly comparing neuropsychological performance between HAND and AD.

scholarly journals Predictive physiological anticipation preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli: An update of Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Michael Duggan ◽  
Patrizio Tressoldi
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
Weighted Effect

Background: This is an update of the Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis related to the physiological anticipation preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli. The overall effect size observed was 0.21; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.13 - 0.29 Methods: Eighteen new peer and non-peer reviewed studies completed from January 2008 to October 2017 were retrieved describing a total of 26 experiments and 34 associated effect sizes. Results: The overall weighted effect size, estimated with a frequentist multilevel random model, was: 0.29; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.19-0.38; the overall weighted effect size, estimated with a multilevel Bayesian model, was: 0.29; 95% Credible Intervals: 0.18-0.39. Effect sizes of peer reviewed studies were slightly higher: 0.38; Confidence Intervals: 0.27-0.48 than non-peer reviewed articles: 0.22; Confidence Intervals: 0.05-0.39. The statistical estimation of the publication bias by using the Copas model suggest that the main findings are not contaminated by publication bias. Conclusions: In summary, with this update, the main findings reported in Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis, are confirmed.

scholarly journals Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20131615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian V. Jaeggi ◽  
Michael Gurven
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Helping Behaviour ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Weighted Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses

Helping, i.e. behaviour increasing the fitness of others, can evolve when directed towards kin or reciprocating partners. These predictions have been tested in the context of food sharing both in human foragers and non-human primates. Here, we performed quantitative meta-analyses on 32 independent study populations to (i) test for overall effects of reciprocity on food sharing while controlling for alternative explanations, methodological biases, publication bias and phylogeny and (ii) compare the relative effects of reciprocity, kinship and tolerated scrounging, i.e. sharing owing to costs imposed by others. We found a significant overall weighted effect size for reciprocity of r = 0.20–0.48 for the most and least conservative measure, respectively. Effect sizes did not differ between humans and other primates, although there were species differences in in-kind reciprocity and trade. The relative effect of reciprocity in sharing was similar to those of kinship and tolerated scrounging. These results indicate a significant independent contribution of reciprocity to human and primate helping behaviour. Furthermore, similar effect sizes in humans and primates speak against cognitive constraints on reciprocity. This study is the first to use meta-analyses to quantify these effects on human helping and to directly compare humans and other primates.

scholarly journals Predictive physiological anticipatory activity preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli: An update of Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Duggan ◽  
Patrizio Tressoldi
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
Weighted Effect ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Background: This is an update of the Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis related to the physiological anticipation preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli which overall effect size was 0.21; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.13 - 0.29 Methods: Nineteen new peer and non-peer reviewed studies completed from January 2008 to June 2018 were retrieved describing a total of 27 experiments and 36 associated effect sizes. Results: The overall weighted effect size, estimated with a frequentist multilevel random model, was: 0.28; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.18-0.38; the overall weighted effect size, estimated with a multilevel Bayesian model, was: 0.28; 95% Credible Intervals: 0.18-0.38. The weighted mean estimate of the effect size of peer reviewed studies was higher than that of non-peer reviewed studies, but with overlapped confidence intervals: Peer reviewed: 0.36; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.26-0.47; Non-Peer reviewed: 0.22; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.05-0.39. Similarly, the weighted mean estimate of the effect size of Preregistered studies was higher than that of Non-Preregistered studies: Preregistered: 0.31; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.18-0.45; No-Preregistered: 0.24; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.08-0.41. The statistical estimation of the publication bias by using the Copas selection model suggest that the main findings are not contaminated by publication bias. Conclusions: In summary, with this update, the main findings reported in Mossbridge et al’s meta-analysis, are confirmed.

scholarly journals The utility of olfactory function in distinguishing early stage Alzheimer's disease from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

AIDS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Sundermann ◽  
Adam Fields ◽  
Rowan Saloner ◽  
Ben Gouaux ◽  
Ajay Bharti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Meta-analysis of CSF and MRI biomarkers for detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Schmand ◽  
H. M. Huizenga ◽  
W. A. van Gool
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Preclinical Ad

BackgroundAbnormal levels of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and atrophy of medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are being used increasingly to diagnose early Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the claim that these biomarkers can detect preclinical AD before behavioural (i.e. memory) symptoms arise.MethodWe included all relevant longitudinal studies of CSF and MRI biomarkers published between January 2003 and November 2008. Subjects were not demented at baseline but some declined to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or to AD during follow-up. Measures of tau and beta-amyloid in CSF, MTL atrophy on MRI, and performance on delayed memory tasks were extracted from the papers or obtained from the investigators.ResultsTwenty-one MRI studies and 14 CSF studies were retrieved. The effect sizes of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid beta 42 (aβ42) ranged from 0.91 to 1.11. The effect size of MTL atrophy was 0.75. Memory performance had an effect size of 1.06. MTL atrophy and memory impairment tended to increase when assessed closer to the moment of diagnosis, whereas effect sizes of CSF biomarkers tended to increase when assessed longer before the diagnosis.ConclusionsMemory impairment is a more accurate predictor of early AD than atrophy of MTL on MRI, whereas CSF abnormalities and memory impairment are about equally predictive. Consequently, the CSF and MRI biomarkers are not very sensitive to preclinical AD. CSF markers remain promising, but studies with long follow-up periods in elderly subjects who are normal at baseline are needed to evaluate this promise.

Sensitivity and specificity of neuropsychological tests for mild cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. DE JAGER ◽  
E. HOGERVORST ◽  
M. COMBRINCK ◽  
M. M. BUDGE
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Verbal Learning

Background. Early diagnosis of dementia is important for those who might benefit from treatment. We designed a brief comprehensive neuropsychological test battery to help differentiate control subjects from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.Method. The battery included tests of memory, attention, executive function, speed, perception and visuospatial skills. It was administered to subjects from the OPTIMA cohort: 51 controls, 29 with MCI, 60 with ‘possible’ or ‘probable’ Alzheimer's disease (AD) (NINCDS/ADRDA) and 12 with cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare performance of controls with other diagnostic groups. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analyses. The effects of age, gender and years of education on test performance were determined with Spearman's rank correlations.Results. The AD group performed worse than controls on all tests except an attention task. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test and The Placing Test for episodic memory showed significant discriminative capacity between controls and other groups. Attention and processing speed tests discriminated CVD from controls. Category fluency, episodic memory tests and the CLOX test for executive function distinguished MCI from AD. Spearman's correlations showed negative associations between age and processing speed. Years of education affected performance on all tests, except The Placing Test.Conclusions. Certain neuropsychological tests have been shown to be sensitive and specific in the differential diagnosis of various types of dementia and may prove to be useful for detection of MCI.

scholarly journals Partial Least Squares Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers, Modifiable Health Variables, and Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jessica Stark ◽  
Daniela J. Palombo ◽  
Jasmeet P. Hayes ◽  
Kelly J. Hiersche ◽  
Alexander N. Hasselbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Partial Least Squares Analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives: To identify novel associations between modifiable physical and health variables, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers, and cognitive function in a cohort of older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Methods: Metrics of cardiometabolic risk, stress, inflammation, neurotrophic/growth factors, AD, and cognition were assessed in 154 MCI participants (Mean age = 74.1 years) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Partial Least Squares analysis was employed to examine associations among these physiological variables and cognition. Results: Latent variable 1 revealed a unique combination of AD biomarkers, neurotrophic/growth factors, education, and stress that were significantly associated with specific domains of cognitive function, including episodic memory, executive function, processing speed, and language, representing 45.2% of the cross-block covariance in the data. Age, body mass index, and metrics tapping basic attention or premorbid IQ were not significant. Conclusions: Our data-driven analysis highlights the significant relationships between metrics associated with AD pathology, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity, primarily with tasks tapping episodic memory, executive function, processing speed, and verbal fluency rather than more basic tasks that do not require mental manipulation (basic attention and vocabulary). These data also indicate that biological metrics are more strongly associated with episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed than chronological age in older adults with MCI.

scholarly journals Spanish validation and cultural adaptation of the Five-Word Test for the detection of the neurocognitive disorder in older adults

Salud Mental ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
Sara Gloria Aguilar-Navarro ◽  
Alberto José Mimenza-Alvarado ◽  
Rafael Martínez-Sánchez ◽  
Silvia Mejía-Arango ◽  
Lidia Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Spanish Validation

Introduction. “Episodic” memory problems are common in people with cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Dubois et al. developed the Five-Word Test (5WT) to evaluate episodic memory, which has proved to be an easy and valid test for identifying cognitive disorders. However, its validation and cultural adaptation from French to Spanish has not been undertaken and its usefulness in Mexican population is unknown. Objective. Validation and cultural adaptation of the 5WT for screening minor and major neurocognitive disorder (ND) in Mexican older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Method. Two hundred and fifteen participants (70 cognitively healthy subjects, 73 with minor ND and 72 with major ND were included). The cognitive status (gold standard) was determined using current clinical criteria and neuropsychological evaluation. The Spearman coefficient, ROC curve, and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the concurrent validity of the 5WT. Results. The correlation between the 5WT and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was .58, whereas for the clock face test it was -.37 (p < .001). The area under the 5WT curve was .97 (95% CI [.94, .99]), with a cut-off point of ≤ 16/20 for the diagnosis of major ND (89% sensitivity, 98% specificity) and .77 (95% CI [.70, .85]) for minor ND with a cut-off point of ≤ 18/20 (66% sensitivity, 77% specificity). Discussion and conclusion. Since the 5WT is a simple, valid instrument for the identification of neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, it could be a practical screening test.

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