scholarly journals Motor function declines over time in human immunodeficiency virus and is associated with cerebrovascular disease, while HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains stable

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Elicer ◽  
Desiree Byrd ◽  
Uraina S. Clark ◽  
Susan Morgello ◽  
Jessica Robinson-Papp
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Evolution of Envelope Sequences from the Genital Tract and Peripheral Blood of Women Infected with Clade A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 8240-8251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Poss ◽  
Allen G. Rodrigo ◽  
John J. Gosink ◽  
Gerald H. Learn ◽  
Dana de Vange Panteleeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Tissue Compartment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT The development of viral diversity during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may significantly influence viral pathogenesis. The paradigm for HIV-1 evolution is based primarily on studies of male cohorts in which individuals were presumably infected with a single virus variant of subtype B HIV-1. In this study, we evaluated virus evolution based on sequence information of the V1, V2, and V3 portions of HIV-1 clade A envelope genes obtained from peripheral blood and cervical secretions of three women with genetically heterogeneous viral populations near seroconversion. At the first sample following seroconversion, the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per potential nonsynonymous site (dn) significantly exceeded substitutions at potential synonymous sites (ds) in plasma viral sequences from all individuals. Generally, values of dn remained higher than values of ds as sequences from blood or mucosa evolved. Mutations affected each of the three variable regions of the envelope gene differently; insertions and deletions dominated changes in V1, substitutions involving charged amino acids occurred in V2, and sequential replacement of amino acids over time at a small subset of positions distinguished V3. The relationship among envelope nucleotide sequences obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma, and cervical secretions was evaluated for each individual by both phylogenetic and phenetic analyses. In all subjects, sequences from within each tissue compartment were more closely related to each other than to sequences from other tissues (phylogenetic tissue compartmentalization). At time points after seroconversion in two individuals, there was also greater genetic identity among sequences from the same tissue compartment than among sequences from different tissue compartments (phenetic tissue compartmentalization). Over time, temporal phylogenetic and phenetic structure was detectable in mucosal and plasma viral samples from all three women, suggesting a continual process of migration of one or a few infected cells into each compartment followed by localized expansion and evolution of that population.

scholarly journals A-027 Differentiating HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder from Alzheimer’s Disease: A Neuropsychological Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-817
Author(s):  
Eilenberger D
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Weighted Effect Size ◽  
Weighted Effect ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Abstract Objective This meta-analysis examined the potential for executive function, episodic memory, and motor function to differentiate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in an attempt to aid in accurate differential diagnosis. Data Selection The literature search identified records investigating neuropsychological test performance associated with HAND and AD. Databases used were: PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, and Medline with Full Text. Eligibility was assessed using the following inclusion criteria: (a) study examines HAND or AD, (b) diagnosis is determined using standard diagnostic criteria, (c) study contains data regarding executive function, episodic memory, and/or motor function, (d) study published in English, (e) study is quantitative, and (f) study contains statistical information for effect size calculations. A total of 947 relevant studies were initially identified. Twenty studies were included. Data Synthesis Group difference effect sizes were converted/calculated using Cohen’s d and Cohen’s (1998) conventions. Three weighted effect sizes were calculated for constructs of interest for each disorder. Weighted effect size for executive function was large for each group (HAND d = 1.28; AD d = 1.57). A large weighted effect size for episodic memory in AD (AD d = −2.17) and a medium effect size for HAND (HAND d = −0.65) were calculated. A large weighted effect size was determined for motor function in AD (d = 3.60), while a small effect size was calculated for HAND (d = 0.27). Conclusions Level of impairment in episodic memory and motor function can be used to differentiate HAND from AD. Executive function lacked differences needed for diagnostic differentiation. Future research should be done directly comparing neuropsychological performance between HAND and AD.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive Development in Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Adolescents on Long-term Treatment, Compared to Healthy Matched Controls: A Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malon Van den Hof ◽  
Anne Marleen ter Haar ◽  
Henriette J Scherpbier ◽  
Johanna H van der Lee ◽  
Peter Reiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background A cross-sectional analysis of the Neurological, cOgnitive and VIsual performance in hiv-infected Children cohort showed significant cognitive impairment in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents (PHIV+) compared to age-, sex-, ethnicity- and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched HIV-negative controls (HIV−). In this longitudinal study, we compared cognitive development in the same adolescents over time. Methods We repeated the standardized cognitive test battery after a mean of 4.6 years (standard deviation 0.3). In participants who completed both assessments, we compared cognitive trajectories between groups in the domains of intelligence quotient (IQ), processing speed, working memory, executive functioning, learning ability, and visual-motor function, using linear mixed models. We explored associations with disease- and treatment-related factors and used multivariate normative comparison (MNC) to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment. Results There were 21 PHIV+ and 23 HIV− participants that completed 2 assessments and were similar concerning age, sex, ethnicity, and SES. Compared to HIV− participants, in PHIV+ participants the IQ score increased significantly more over time (group*time 6.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–10.50; P = .012), whereas executive functioning decreased significantly more (group*time −1.43 z score, 95% CI −2.12 to −0.75; P < .001), resulting in the disappearance and appearance of significant differences. Processing speed, working memory, learning ability, and visual-motor function trajectories were not statistically different between groups. Univariately, those who had started cART at an older age deviated more in executive functioning (−0.13 z score, 95% CI −0.24 to −0.02; P = .043). The prevalence of cognitive impairments by MNC was similar in both groups, at both time points. Conclusions The cART-treated PHIV+ adolescents appeared to have similar global cognitive development, compared to their healthy peers. Executive functioning trajectory appears to deviate, potentially explained by earlier brain damage.

scholarly journals Sequential Turnover of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env throughout the Course of Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (21) ◽  
pp. 10591-10599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M. Riddle ◽  
Norah J. Shire ◽  
Marc S. Sherman ◽  
Kelly F. Franco ◽  
Haynes W. Sheppard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT We examined the rates of variant population turnover of the V1-V2 and V4-V5 hypervariable domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 molecule in longitudinal plasma samples from 14 men with chronic HIV-1 infection using heteroduplex tracking assays (HTA). Six men had high rates of CD4+ T-cell loss, and eight men had low rates of CD4+ T-cell loss over 2.5 to 8 years of infection. We found that V1-V2 and V4-V5 env populations changed dramatically over time in all 14 subjects; the changes in these regions were significantly correlated with each another over time. The subjects with rapid CD4 loss had significantly less change in their env populations than the subjects with slow CD4 loss. The two subjects with rapid CD4 loss and sustained low CD4 counts (<150/μl for at least 2 years) showed stabilization of their V1-V2 and V4-V5 populations as reflected by low levels of total change in HTA pattern and low HTA indices (a novel measure of the emergence of new bands and band distribution); this stabilization was not observed in other subjects. The stabilization of env variant populations at low CD4 counts following periods of rapid viral evolution suggests that selective pressure on env, likely from new immune responses, is minimal when CD4 counts drop dramatically and remain low for extended periods of time.

Aberrant and Unstable Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes in Persons Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bessudo ◽  
Laura Rassenti ◽  
Diane Havlir ◽  
Douglas Richman ◽  
Ellen Feigal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Immunoglobulin Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vh Gene ◽  
American Society ◽  
Over Time

We examined the IgM VH gene subgroup use-distribution in serial blood samples of 37 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and a group of HIV-seronegative healthy adults. The IgM VH gene repertoires of healthy adults were relatively similar to one another and were stable over time. In contrast, individuals infected with HIV had IgM VH gene repertoires that were significantly more heterogeneous and unstable. Persons at early stages of HIV infection generally had abnormal expression levels of Ig VH3 genes and frequently displayed marked fluctuations in the relative expression levels of this VHgene subgroup over time. In contrast, persons with established acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had a significantly lower incidence of abnormalities in Ig VH3 expression levels, although continued to display abnormalities and instability in the expression levels of the smaller Ig VH gene subgroups. Moreover, the skewing and/or fluctuations in the expressed-IgM VHgene repertoire appeared greatest for persons at earlier stages of HIV infection. These studies show that persons infected with HIV have aberrant and unstable expression of immunoglobulin genes suggestive of a high degree humoral immune dysregulation and ongoing humoral immune responses to HIV-associated antigens and superantigens. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.

scholarly journals HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER (HAND) PADA PASIEN DENGAN HIV TANPA INFEKSI OPORTUNISTIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Dhyatmika Gde Putra ◽  
Widyastuti Ketut ◽  
Laksmidewi AAA. Putri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Ability ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Dose Combination ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Trial Making Test

Latar Belakang: Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) telah menjadi epidemi di seluruh dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Salah satu komplikasi infeksi HIV pada sistem saraf pusat (SSP) berupa gangguan fungsi kognitif yang disebut HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Replikasi HIV dalam jangka waktu panjang terjadi pada astrosit dan mikroglia, yang dapat menurunkan fungsi neuronal. HAND terkait dengan aktivitas virus dan mediator inflamasi sel imun pada SSP sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan neuron otak. Kasus: Pasien perempuan, 28 tahun, suku Bali, mengeluh mudah lupa yang dialami sejak 2 tahun lalu. Pasien masih dapat melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari secara mandiri walaupun keluhan lupa terkadang dirasakan mengganggu. Pasien memiliki riwayat infeksi HIV sejak bulan September 2015 dengan CD4 16 sel/µl dan mendapat terapi ARV fixed-dose combination dengan regimen tenofovir, lamivudine, dan efavirenz. Pemeriksaan neurobehavior dijumpai atensi baik, gangguan memori terutama new learning ability, memori tunda, asosiasi berpasangan, gangguan visuospasial dan eksekutif, ADL dan IADL mandiri, MMSE: 24, MoCA Ina: 14, Clock Drawing Test: 3, Trial making test A baik, Trial making test B terganggu, International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS): 10.5, Skala penilaian depresi Hamilton: 15. Hasil CT Scan kepala dalam batas normal. Diskusi: Dari hasil pemeriksaan, pasien dikategorikan dalam HAND tipe Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment (ANI). Kadar CD4 diketahui berhubungan dengan derajat kerusakan neuron otak dan kadar CD4 nadir rendah (≤ 200 sel/µl) merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya gangguan kognitif pada pasien dengan HIV. Pemberian terapi kombinasi ARV dapat menunjukkan peningkatkan performa fungsi kognitif dan fungsional. Simpulan: Infeksi HIV secara langsung pada SSP dapat menyebabkan gangguan neurokognitif dan inisiasi pemberian terapi ARV dini merupakan usaha pencegahan terjadinya perburukan lebih lanjut.

scholarly journals Cortical Synaptic Density is Reduced in Mild to Moderate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neurocognitive Disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
IP Everall ◽  
RK Heaton ◽  
TD Marcotte ◽  
RJ Ellis ◽  
JA McCutchan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Synaptic Density ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus
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