scholarly journals A-069 Comparing Driving Errors in Young Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 860-860
Author(s):  
Showell M ◽  
Schultheis M ◽  
Patrick K
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Stop Sign

Abstract Objective Research has found differences in driving behaviors of individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), though it is unclear whether differences translate to poorer driving. This study assessed whether ASD diagnosis, executive functioning, and regulation of driving speed and lane positioning predict errors during a simulated drive. Method Participants included 88 16–26 year-olds (45 ASD; 73 Male) who completed assessments of executive functioning and a simulated drive. The drive included a rural route without distractions, the same route with secondary tasks, a highway drive, and a residential drive. For the residential drive, coders documented drivers’ errors including driving onto a curb, crossing the center lane, turning from the wrong lane, running a red light or stop sign, illegally changing lanes, and hitting a person or car. A hierarchical regression included stepwise insertion of ASD diagnosis, neurocognitive performance, and speed and lane deviation as predictor variables and the square root of driving errors as the outcome variable. Results Drivers with ASD committed significantly more errors than non-ASD drivers, p = .03, R2 = .06. Neurocognitive performance added significant predictive value, p = .001, R2Adj = .15. Speed and lane regulation also added significant predictive value, p < .001, R2Adj = .39. The full model accounted for 46% of the variance in driving errors. Conclusions Novice drivers with ASD may be more likely than their peers to make overt, potentially dangerous, errors while driving. Assessment of executive function and less dangerous driving behaviors such as regulation of speed and lane positioning may help to identify individuals at highest risk for committing driving errors and inform driving interventions.

scholarly journals The bidirectional causal relationships of insomnia with five major psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gao ◽  
Ling-Xian Meng ◽  
Kai-Li Ma ◽  
Jie Liang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Causal Relationships

AbstractBackground:Several observational studies have investigated the association of insomnia with psychiatric disorders. Such studies yielded mixed results, and whether these associations are causal remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify the causal relationships between insomnia and five major psychiatric disorders.Methods:The analysis was implemented with six genome-wide association studies; one for insomnia and five for psychiatric disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder). A heterogeneity in dependent instrument (HEIDI) approach was used to remove the pleiotropic instruments, Mendelian randomization (MR)-Egger regression was adopted to test the validity of the screened instruments, and bidirectional generalized summary data-based MR was performed to estimate the causal relationships between insomnia and these major psychiatric disorders.Results:We observed significant causal effects of insomnia on the risk of autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, with odds ratios of 1.739 (95% confidence interval: 1.217–2.486, p = 0.002) and 1.786 (95% confidence interval: 1.396–2.285, p = 4.02 × 10−6), respectively. There was no convincing evidence of reverse causality for insomnia with these two disorders (p = 0.945 and 0.546, respectively). When insomnia was considered as either the exposure or outcome variable, causal estimates for the remaining three psychiatric disorders were not significant.Conclusions:Our results suggest a causal role of insomnia in autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Future disease models should include insomnia as a factor for these two disorders to develop effective interventions. More detailed mechanism studies may also be inspired by this causal inference.

Development of Lying and Cognitive Abilities

2018 ◽  
pp. 398-407
Author(s):  
Victoria Talwar
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

The emergence and development of children’s lie-telling is closely associated with their developing cognitive abilities. Telling a lie involves complicated cognitive functions including theory-of-mind understanding and executive functioning abilities. Recent research has found that lie-telling emerges in the preschool years and children’s abilities to maintain their lies improves with age. The current chapter reviews existing literature on the development of children’s lie-telling behavior and its relation to various aspects of children’s cognitive development. It covers the work of Lewis, Stanger, and Sullivan (1989), including the well-known guessing-game experiment, where the child is left alone with temptation and the instruction not to peek. Much of Talwar, Lee, et al.’s research into three-to-seven-year-old children’s lie-telling behavior is covered; and the interaction between these studies and Theory of Mind is emphasized; this is illuminated in the account of research using child subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

scholarly journals Emerging Executive Functioning and Motor Development in Infants at High and Low Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya St. John ◽  
Annette M. Estes ◽  
Stephen R. Dager ◽  
Penelope Kostopoulos ◽  
Jason J. Wolff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

Individual characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders and school refusal behavior

Autism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Kathrine Munkhaugen ◽  
Tonje Torske ◽  
Elen Gjevik ◽  
Terje Nærland ◽  
Are Hugo Pripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
School Refusal ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
School Refusal Behavior ◽  
Students With Autism

This study compared social, executive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder who did and did not display school refusal behavior. The participants were 62 students with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability aged 9–16 years attending inclusive schools. Parents first completed questionnaires assessing social and executive functioning as well as emotional and behavioral problems. They then documented their child’s school refusal behavior for a period of 20 days. Compared to students without school refusal behavior (n = 29), students with school refusal behavior (n = 33) were significantly less socially motivated; displayed more deficits in initiating tasks or activities, in generating ideas, responses, or problem-solving strategies; and displayed more withdrawn and depressive symptoms. Assessing social and executive functioning, as well as emotional problems, may help professionals provide tailored interventions for students with autism spectrum disorder and school refusal behavior, which will further be valuable in recognizing characteristics associated with school refusal behavior.

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