scholarly journals Sex differences in migratory restlessness behavior in a Nearctic–Neotropical songbird

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E Deakin ◽  
Christopher G Guglielmo ◽  
Yolanda E Morbey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Migratory Restlessness ◽  
Stopover Duration ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

Abstract Most seasonally migrating songbirds exhibit protandry, whereby males arrive to breeding sites in the spring before females. The proximate behavioral mechanisms of protandry are largely unknown for most species, but could include earlier migratory departure from wintering sites by males or overall faster migration by males. Using onset and intensity of migratory restlessness as proxies for departure timing and rate of migration, respectively, we evaluated these 2 hypothesized mechanisms in a Nearctic–Neotropical migrating songbird, the Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens). Birds were captured during fall migration, held in captivity over winter, and photostimulated in the spring to induce migratory behavior. Video analysis was used to separately quantify stereotypical nocturnal wing whirring and jumping migratory restlessness behaviors. The birds were then radio-tagged and released in mid-May to compare stopover duration between the sexes and validate migratory restlessness in captivity as a proxy for the motivation to migrate in the field. In captivity males initiated migratory restlessness earlier in the spring than females, demonstrating innate differences in the onset of spring migration in this species. Males also displayed higher-intensity wing whirring behavior, suggesting potential sex differences in flight behavior that could influence migration rate. We found no sex differences in stopover duration in the field following release. However, stopover duration was negatively correlated with total migratory restlessness intensity on the last night the birds were held in captivity, which supports migratory restlessness as a proxy for the motivation to migrate at the individual level.

scholarly journals Impact of Interference Competition on Exploration and Food Exploitation in the AntLasius niger

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Fourcassié ◽  
Tristan Schmitt ◽  
Claire Detrain
Keyword(s):  
Interference Competition ◽  
Lasius Niger ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Predictability ◽  
Food Exploitation ◽  
Local Recruitment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Physical Access

Competition acts as a major force in shaping spatially and/or temporally the foraging activity of ant colonies. Interference competition between colonies in particular is widespread in ants where it can prevent the physical access of competitors to a resource, either directly by fighting or indirectly, by segregating the colony foraging areas. Although the consequences of interference competition on ant distribution have been well studied in the literature, the behavioral mechanisms underlying interference competition have been less explored. Little is known on how ants modify their exploration patterns or the choice of a feeding place after experiencing aggressive encounters. In this paper, we show that, at the individual level, the aphid-tending antLasius nigerreacts to the presence of an alien conspecific through direct aggressive behavior and local recruitment in the vicinity of fights. At the colony level, however, no defensive recruitment is triggered and the “risky” area where aggressive encounters occur is not specifically avoided during further exploration or food exploitation. We discuss how between-species differences in sensitivity to interference competition could be related to the spatial and temporal predictability of food resources at stake.

When organization meets emotions, does the socio-relational framework fail?

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Basso ◽  
Olivier Oullier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relational Framework

AbstractWe suggest that the framework proposed by Vigil is useful in laboratory contexts but might come up short for in vivo social interactions. Emotions result from cost-benefits trade-offs but are not solely generated at the individual level to establish emotional social spheres. In organizational contexts, emotion expression can be a constitutive part of a professional activity, and observed sex differences might vanish.

scholarly journals Migratory restlessness in captive individuals predicts actual departure in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Eikenaar ◽  
Thomas Klinner ◽  
K. Lesley Szostek ◽  
Franz Bairlein
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Migratory Restlessness ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Made In

In captivity, migratory birds show increased activity during the time that they would normally migrate. The phenology and intensity of such ‘migratory restlessness’ has been shown to mirror species- and population-specific migration patterns observed in the wild and has consequently been used as a proxy for the motivation to migrate. Many studies doing so, however, were aiming to explain among-individual variation in migratory behaviour or traits, and not species- or population-specific traits. These studies thus assumed that, also at the level of the individual, migratory restlessness is an accurate proxy for the motivation to migrate. We tested this assumption for the first time and found that it holds; individuals showing very little migratory restlessness remained at stopover for longer than one night, whereas most individuals showing more restlessness departed sooner. This finding validates the use of migratory restlessness as a proxy for the motivation to migrate, thereby justifying the conclusions made in a large body of research on avian migration.

First record of limb preferences in monotremes (Zaglossus spp.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Andrey Giljov ◽  
Karina Karenina ◽  
Margaret Hawkins ◽  
Yegor Malashichev
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
First Record ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Evolutionary Interpretation

Lateralisation in forelimb use at the population and/or individual level has been found in a wide variety of vertebrate species. However, some large taxa have not yet been investigated and that limits a proper evolutionary interpretation of forelimb preferences. Among mammals lateralised use of the forelimbs has been shown for both placentals and marsupials, but nothing is known about behavioural lateralisation in monotremes. Here we examined lateral preferences in forelimb use in four long-beaked echidnas (male and female Zaglossus bruijni, and male and female Z. bartoni) in captivity. Three individuals showed significant forelimb preferences in unimanual behaviours associated with feeding. When stepping on an eminence with one forelimb first, the lateralisation at the individual level was found only in males of both species. During male–female interactions, the male Z. bartoni significantly preferred to put one of the forelimbs on the female’s back. In both males, the direction of preferences was consistent across different types of behaviour. Our results confirm that manual lateralisation, at least at the individual level, is widespread among mammals. Further research is needed to investigate whether the monotremes display population-level lateralisation in forelimb use.

Who Died in Captivity? Mortality Among Italian Prisoners During World War One

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fornasin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Mortality ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Level Data ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

Summary During World War One, almost 600,000 Italian soldiers were captured, and about 50,000 of them died. Most prisoners died of malnutrition and associated illnesses. The aim of this article is to study the differential mortality among Italian prisoners. To achieve this goal, the individual-level data of around 3,500 soldiers born between 1884 and 1899 in North-eastern Italy are used. In this article, the explanatory variables considered are: the military corps which the soldiers belonged to; demographic characteristics, such as age; socio-economic factors, such as occupation and literacy; and anthropometric factors, such as height. The analysis shows that the most experienced prisoners were better able to survive captivity and to overcome deficiencies in diet and illnesses. They were individuals who had the skills and the ability to overcome difficulties and to solve problems both during the conflict and in civil life.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

Exploring the effect of weight loss on food reward at the individual level

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Oustric ◽  
Kristine Beaulieu ◽  
Nuno Casanova ◽  
Francois Husson ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

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