scholarly journals Dietary carotenoids affect the development of individual differences and behavioral plasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1273-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon R Kelleher ◽  
Aimee J Silla ◽  
Petri T Niemelä ◽  
Niels J Dingemanse ◽  
Phillip G Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Exploration Behavior ◽  
Irreversible Effects

AbstractNutritional conditions experienced during development are expected to play a key role in shaping an individual’s behavioral phenotype. The long term, irreversible effects of nutritional conditions on behavioral variation among and within individuals remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how long-term carotenoid availability (representing low vs. high quality nutritional conditions) during both larval and adult life stages influences the expression of among-individual variation (animal personality) and within-individual variation (behavioral plasticity). We tested for personality and plasticity along the exploration/avoidance behavioral axis in the Southern Corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree). We predicted that treatment groups receiving carotenoids during early development would be more exploratory and have greater among- and within-individual variation compared with individuals that did not receive carotenoids (i.e., silver spoon hypothesis). Superior nutritional conditions experienced during development are expected to provide individuals with resources needed to develop costly behaviors, giving them an advantage later in life irrespective of prevailing conditions. Unexpectedly, frogs that did not receive carotenoids as larvae expressed greater among-individual variance in exploration behavior. Additionally, frogs that did not receive carotenoids at either life stage displayed greater within-individual variance. Our findings provide no support for the silver spoon hypothesis but suggest that inconsistent nutritional conditions between life stages may adversely affect the development of behavioral phenotypes. Overall, our results indicate that early and late life nutritional conditions affect the development of personality and plasticity. They also highlight that nutritional effects on behavior may be more complex than previously theorized.

scholarly journals Maternal undernutrition alters triiodothyronine concentrations and pituitary response to GnRH in fetal sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Rae ◽  
SM Rhind ◽  
CE Kyle ◽  
DW Miller ◽  
AN Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Igf I

The aims of this study were to determine which hormones may have a role in the expression of maternal undernutrition effects on reproductive function, in both the developing fetus and the adult offspring. This was undertaken by measuring the effects of long-term maternal undernutrition on metabolic hormone profiles and pituitary responses to single doses of GnRH and GH-releasing factor (GRF) in fetal sheep. From mating, groups of ewes were fed rations providing either 100% (HIGH) or 50% (LOW) of estimated metabolisable energy requirements for pregnancy throughout the experiment until slaughter at approximately 119 days of gestation. Fetal and maternal blood samples were collected from 113 until 119 days of gestation, via carotid and jugular catheters respectively, and assayed for insulin, IGF-I, GH, thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T(3)). Undernutrition had no effects on fetal weight, fetal gonad weight of either sex, fetal insulin or IGF-I concentrations. Male LOW fetuses exhibited a significantly attenuated response (P<0.05) to a bolus challenge of GnRH compared with HIGH fetuses. Basal fetal GH concentrations and the response to exogenous GRF were similar in both treatment groups, although LOW fetuses exhibited more secretory episodes (P<0.01). Mean T(3) concentrations were significantly lower in both the maternal (P<0.01) and fetal (P<0.05) plasma of LOW animals compared with HIGH animals. It is concluded that pituitary function was altered in fetal males and could influence male reproductive development. On the other hand, in female sheep, fetal gonadal abnormalities and reductions in reproductive capacity in adult life which are associated with fetal undernutrition are unlikely to be attributable to altered pituitary function. Additionally, these studies raise the possibility that thyroid hormones may have a role in the expression of maternal undernutrition effects on fetal development.

Effect of prepubertal and postpubertal long-term exposure to the mild dose of soybean seeds on the tissue and function of thyroid gland in albino rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Siham M. Abdul-Ridha ◽  
Abed H. Baraaj
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Follicular Cell ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
And Function ◽  
Significant Increment

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to the mild dose of soybean seeds on the tissue and some physiological parameters of the thyroid gland in the prepubertal and postpubertal life stages. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley albino male rats were divided into four groups (n=6); control rats at the prepubertal life stage; prepubertal rats treated with 20% soybean seeds of daily diet for 40 days after the weaning; normal control rats, at the postpubertal stage; and postpubertal rats, were treated with 20% soybean seeds. Morphmetrical, histological and physiological changes were examined. Consumption of mild dose of soybean seeds along the prepubertal life stage showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the height of follicular cell, significant increase (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles, slightly non-significant decline in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight, while at postpuberty, long-term exposure for the same dose of soybean seeds showed significant increase in the height of follicular cell (P<0.05), significant decrease (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles caused hyperactivity of the thyroid, significant decline (P<0.05) in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and slightly non-significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight. We concluded that the long-term exposure to the mild dose of the soybean affect adversely the tissue and function of the thyroid at both life stages, pre- and postpuberty.

Effect of prepubertal and postpubertal long-term exposure to the mild dose of soybean seeds on the tissue and function of thyroid gland in albino rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Siham M. Abdul-Ridha ◽  
Abed Baraaj
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Follicular Cell ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
And Function ◽  
Significant Increment

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to the mild dose of soybean seeds on the tissue and some physiological parameters of the thyroid gland in the prepubertal and postpubertal life stages. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley albino male rats were divided into four groups (n=6); control rats at the prepubertal life stage; prepubertal rats treated with 20% soybean seeds of daily diet for 40 days after the weaning; normal control rats, at the postpubertal stage; and postpubertal rats, were treated with 20% soybean seeds. Morphmetrical, histological and physiological changes were examined. Consumption of mild dose of soybean seeds along the prepubertal life stage showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the height of follicular cell, significant increase (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles, slightly non-significant decline in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight, while at postpuberty, long-term exposure for the same dose of soybean seeds showed significant increase in the height of follicular cell (P<0.05), significant decrease (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles caused hyperactivity of the thyroid, significant decline (P<0.05) in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and slightly non-significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight. We concluded that the long-term exposure to the mild dose of the soybean affect adversely the tissue and function of the thyroid at both life stages, pre- and postpuberty.

scholarly journals Rating the potential suitability of habitat in Michigan stream reaches for Arctic grayling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Goble ◽  
Troy G. Zorn ◽  
Nancy A. Auer ◽  
J. Marty Holtgren ◽  
Dan W. Mays ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Arctic Grayling ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Lower Peninsula ◽  
Prioritization Framework

Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus were historically found throughout the northern half of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula but were extirpated from the state by 1936. By addressing issues from previous reintroduction efforts and employing instream rearing (Remote Site Incubator) approach to stocking, numerous partners are working to reintroduce Arctic Grayling to Michigan with hopes of reestablishing self-sustaining populations. With over 47,000 km of coldwater stream habitat in the state and limited numbers of eggs for reintroductions, a prioritization framework was needed to provide a standardized, fine-scale method for rating suitability of streams for reintroductions. Through facilitated discussions with stakeholders and experts, we developed an overall prioritization framework for rating Michigan streams with components evaluating a reach’s thermal, instream habitat, biological, and connectivity characteristics.  Within the context of this broader framework, we developed the habitat rating component for assessing suitability of instream conditions for egg, fry, juvenile, and adult life stages of Arctic Grayling. Life-stage specific habitat metrics and scoring criteria from this effort were used to rate habitat conditions for 45 reaches in tributaries of Michigan’s Manistee River, enabling identification of reaches likely having instream habitat most suitable for Arctic Grayling. Numbers of reaches meeting or exceeding 60%, 70%, and 80% of the maximum score for overall habitat suitability were 31, 8, and 1. Upon completion of the fish assemblage and connectivity components, the prioritization framework and habitat rating process described here will be used for comparing suitability among streams throughout the historic range of Arctic Grayling in Michigan and guiding reintroduction efforts. Though it will take considerable time before instream habitat suitability criteria can be evaluated for all life stages of Arctic Grayling in Michigan, the collaborative stream prioritization framework developed for Arctic Grayling reintroduction can be readily adapted to reintroduction efforts for other species elsewhere.

scholarly journals Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 160815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertanne Visser ◽  
Denis S. Willett ◽  
Jeffrey A. Harvey ◽  
Hans T. Alborn
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Vinegar Fly ◽  
Carry Over

The ability to synthesize lipids is critical for an organism’s fitness; hence, metabolic pathways, underlying lipid synthesis, tend to be highly conserved. Surprisingly, the majority of parasitoids deviate from this general metabolic model by lacking the ability to convert sugars and other carbohydrates into lipids. These insects spend the first part of their life feeding and developing in or on an arthropod host, during which they can carry over a substantial amount of lipid reserves. While many parasitoid species have been tested for lipogenic ability at the adult life stage, it has remained unclear whether parasitoid larvae can synthesize lipids. Here we investigate whether or not several insects can synthesize lipids during the larval stage using three ectoparasitic wasps (developing on the outside of the host) and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster that differ in lipogenic ability in the adult life stage. Using feeding experiments and stable isotope tracing with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we first confirm lipogenic abilities in the adult life stage. Using topical application of stable isotopes in developing larvae, we then provide clear evidence of concurrence in lipogenic ability between larval and adult life stages in all species tested.

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes of Gut Microbial Communities of Bumble Bee Queens through Important Life Stages

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuhao Wang ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Ben M. Sadd ◽  
Yulong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Life Stages

ABSTRACT Bumble bees are important pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Their social colonies are founded by individual queens, which, as the predominant reproductive females of colonies, contribute to colony function through worker production and fitness through male and new queen production. Therefore, queen health is paramount, but even though there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of gut microbiota for animal health, there is limited information on the gut microbial dynamics of bumble bee queens. Employing 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR, we investigate how the adult life stage and physiological state influence a queen’s gut bacterial community diversity and composition in unmated, mated, and ovipositing queens of Bombus lantschouensis. We found significant shifts in total gut microbe abundance and microbiota composition across queen states. There are specific compositional signatures associated with different stages, with unmated and ovipositing queens showing the greatest similarity in composition and mated queens being distinct. The bacterial genera Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, and Lactobacillus were relatively dominant in unmated and ovipositing queens, with Bifidobacterium dominant in ovipositing queens only. Bacillus, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas increased following queen mating. Intriguingly, however, further analysis of unmated queens matching the mated queens in age showed that changes are independent of the act of mating. Our study is the first to explore the gut microbiome of bumble bee queens across key life stages from adult eclosion to egg laying and provides useful information for future studies of the function of gut bacteria in queen development and colony performance. IMPORTANCE Bumble bee queens undergo a number of biological changes as they transition through adult emergence, mating, overwintering, foraging, and colony initiation including egg laying. Therefore, they represent an important system to understand the link between physiological, behavioral, and environmental changes and host-associated microbiota. It is plausible that the bumble bee queen gut bacteria play a role in shaping the ability of the queen to survive environmental extremes and reproduce, due to long-established coevolutionary relationships between the host and microbiome members.

‘And all my children?’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Scott
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Cultural Imagination ◽  
Modern Period

Beginning with an exploration of the role of the child in the cultural imagination, Chapter 1 establishes the formative and revealing ways in which societies identify themselves in relation to how they treat their children. Focusing on Shakespeare and the early modern period, Chapter 1 sets out to determine the emotional, symbolic, and political registers through which children are depicted and discussed. Attending to the different life stages and representations of the child on stage, this chapter sets out the terms of the book’s enquiry: what role do children play in Shakespeare’s plays; how do we recognize them as such—age, status, parental dynamic—and what are the effects of their presence? This chapter focuses on how the early moderns understood the child, as a symbolic figure, a life stage, a form of obligation, a profound bond, and an image of servitude.

scholarly journals Rituximab-Containing Risk-Adapted Treatment Strategy in Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: 7-Years Follow-Up

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Novella Pugliese ◽  
Marco Picardi ◽  
Roberta Della Pepa ◽  
Claudia Giordano ◽  
Francesco Muriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Prognostic Score ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Treatment Groups

Background: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare variant of HL that accounts for 5% of all HL cases. The expression of CD20 on neoplastic lymphocytes provides a suitable target for novel treatments based on Rituximab. Due to its rarity, consolidated and widely accepted treatment guidelines are still lacking for this disease. Methods: Between 1 December 2007 and 28 February 2018, sixteen consecutive newly diagnosed adult patients with NLPHL received Rituximab (induction ± maintenance)-based therapy, according to the baseline risk of German Hodgkin Study Group prognostic score system. The treatment efficacy and safety of the Rituximab-group were compared to those of a historical cohort of 12 patients with NLPHL who received Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (RT), if needed, according to a similar baseline risk. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS) and secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and side-effects (according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4.03). Results: After a 7-year follow-up (range, 1–11 years), PFS was 100% for patients treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen versus 66% for patients of the historical cohort (p = 0.036). Four patients in the latter group showed insufficient response to therapy. The PFS for early favorable and early unfavorable NLPHLs was similar between treatment groups, while a better PFS was recorded for advanced-stages treated with the Rituximab-containing regimen. The OS was similar for the two treatment groups. Short- and long-term side-effects were more frequently observed in the historical cohort. Grade ≥3 neutropenia was more frequent in the historical cohort compared with the Rituximab-group (58.3% vs. 18.7%, respectively; p = 0.03). Long-term non-hematological toxicities were observed more frequently in the historical cohort. Conclusion: Our results confirm the value of Rituximab in NLPHL therapy and show that Rituximab (single-agent) induction and maintenance in a limited-stage, or Rituximab with ABVD only in the presence of risk factors, give excellent results while sparing cytotoxic agent- and/or RT-related damage. Furthermore, Rituximab inclusion in advanced-stage therapeutic strategy seems to improve PFS compared to conventional chemo-radiotherapy.

scholarly journals The long-term bio-behavioural effects of juvenile sildenafil treatment in Sprague-Dawley versus Flinders Sensitive Line rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Juandré Lambertus Bernardus Saayman ◽  
Stephanus Frederik Steyn ◽  
Christiaan Beyers Brink
Keyword(s):  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bdnf Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Sensitive Line ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Flinders Sensitive Line

Abstract Objective: To investigate the long-term effects of juvenile sub-chronic sildenafil (SIL) treatment on the depressive-like behaviour and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) versus Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats. Methods: SD and FSL rats were divided into pre-pubertal and pubertal groups, whereafter 14-day saline or SIL treatment was initiated. Pre-pubertal and pubertal rats were treated from postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND35, respectively. The open field and forced swim tests (FST) were performed on PND60, followed by hippocampal BDNF level analysis one day later. Results: FSL rats displayed greater immobility in the FST compared to SD rats (p < 0.0001), which was reduced by SIL (p < 0.0001), regardless of treatment period. Hippocampal BDNF levels were unaltered by SIL in all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Juvenile sub-chronic SIL treatment reduces the risk of depressive-like behaviour manifesting during young adulthood in genetically susceptible rats.

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