scholarly journals Parental Obesity Differentially Associates with Newborn Adiposity. Is Programming of the GH-IGF Axis Involved? (OR09-05-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Diaz Fuentes ◽  
Mario Cleves ◽  
Clark Sims ◽  
Kartik Shankar ◽  
Elisabet Borsheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Paternal Obesity ◽  
Offspring Adiposity

Abstract Objectives Maternal obesity is strongly associated with offspring obesity risk. However, studies show that paternal obesity also affects offspring phenotype, especially in males. Programming of the growth hormone (GH) insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis seems to be an important mechanism in this finding, but evidence regarding this relationship in humans is scarce. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between maternal and paternal adiposity with that of their offspring. A secondary aim was to investigate associations between paternal adiposity with GH levels in male offspring. Methods Parent-offspring trios (n = 209) from the Glowing study were studied. Percent body fat mass (%FM) was measured using air displacement plethysmography early in pregnancy in parents, and at age 2 weeks in the offspring. Plasma GH levels were measured at birth from umbilical cord blood (n = 31) and at age 2 years (n = 39) in male offspring. Multiple linear regression was used to model infant's %FM (dependent variable) at 2 weeks of age using parental %FM, race, age, IQ, income, delivery method, gestational weight gain, feeding mode, and gestational age (GA) as independent variables. The best fitted models were constructed for girls and boys. Spearman correlations (ρ) between paternal %FM and offspring GH levels were adjusted for maternal %FM. Results Girls (n = 94): Paternal %FM did not associate with female newborn %FM. Instead, maternal %FM (β = 0.12, P = 0.010) and C-section delivery mode (β = 2.56, P = 0.011) had the strongest associations with female newborn %FM. Boys (n = 115): Maternal %FM (β = 0.12, P = 0.006) and GA (β = 1.06, P = 0.003) were positively associated with male newborn %FM, whereas paternal %FM was negatively associated (β = −0.09, P = 0.014) with male offspring adiposity. There was no significant correlation between paternal %FM and GH measured at birth (ρ = 0.19, P = NS) in boys. However, at age 2 years, GH levels in boys decreased with increasing paternal %FM (ρ = −0.40, P = 0.015). Maternal %FM did not correlate with offspring GH level at any age. Conclusions Parental obesity differentially associates with newborn girls’ and boys’ adiposity at age 2 weeks. In line with prior findings in animal models, this preliminary analysis points to programming of the GH/IGF axis in male offspring born to obese fathers. Funding Sources USDA ARS # 6026-51000-010-05S, NIH 1UL1RR029884.

scholarly journals Antenatal and Postnatal Factors Associated with Offspring Adiposity During the First Two Years of Life (FS18-08-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Lipsmeyer ◽  
Eva Diaz ◽  
Clark Sims ◽  
Mario Cleves ◽  
Kartik Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Offspring Adiposity

Abstract Objectives Maternal obesity is a risk factor for the development of obesity in offspring. Yet, it is unclear what other antenatal and postnatal characteristics can also influence offspring's obesity risk. The objective of this study was to determine which factors are the strongest predictors of offspring adiposity during the first 2 years of life to better inform future intervention strategies. Methods Two hundred and twenty-four (224) mother (BMI 18.5–35 kg/m2) and child pairs (male: N = 128, female: N = 96) were included in this analysis. Percent fat mass (%FM) was obtained using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance in children at 11 time points between age 0.5 to 24 months. Maternal race, age, gestational weight gain, first trimester %FM, delivery mode as well as averaged gestational measures of resting energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, physical activity (PA), FM (BodPod®), serum cytokines, serum lipids, and dietary intake were considered as the maternal independent variables. Child's sex, birth weight and length, length of breastfeeding, and PA at 2 years of age were considered as the child's independent variables. Linear mixed models were used to construct the best-fitted models for the entire cohort and for each sex. Results Maternal %FM, serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), child's sex, birth weight and length of breastfeeding were independent predictors of offspring %FM in the entire cohort. When stratified by child sex, maternal %FM was the strongest predictor of girls adiposity (β = 0.14, P = 0.002) followed by maternal serum HDL levels (β = 0.07, P < 0.001). For male offspring, birth weight (β = 1.80, P = 0.01) was the strongest predictor of adiposity during the first 2 years of life followed by maternal serum HDL (β = 0.04, P = 0.013) and length of breastfeeding (β = 0.004, P = 0.005). Conclusions Maternal obesity has a sexually dimorphic effect on offspring %FM from birth to age 2 years. In both boys and girls, maternal serum HDL levels in early pregnancy were a significant predictor of offspring FM accrual during the first 2 years of life. Further investigations on the precise mechanisms of how maternal %FM and lipid profiles can influence female compared to male offspring fat accretion are needed. Funding Sources USDA-ARS # Project #6026-51000-010-05S.

scholarly journals A Role for the Pregravid Maternal Milieu in the Intergenerational Transmission of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 743-743
Author(s):  
Emily Flanagan ◽  
Jasper Most ◽  
Kristen Boyle ◽  
Leanne Redman ◽  
Abby Altazan
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Fat Accretion ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity ◽  
Offspring Adiposity

Abstract Objectives Maternal obesity increases the risk for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes; however, with large heterogeneity. We hypothesize that in mothers with obesity, the heterogeneity of offspring adiposity is due to prolonged exposure to excess maternal substrates, namely glucose and triglycerides, which promote fetal fat accretion. The aims of this prospective observational study were to 1) examine the maternal metabolic milieu in pregnant women with metabolically unhealthy obesity, MUO and metabolically healthy obesity, MHO; and 2) identify if these maternal metabolic phenotypes in women with obesity influence infant adiposity. Methods During early pregnancy, 51 women with obesity were classified to have MUO (n = 9) or MHO (n = 13) based on the presence of zero (MHO) or ≥ 2 (MUO) risk factors for metabolic syndrome (SBP &gt; 130 or DBP &gt; 85, HDL &lt; 50 mg/dL, LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, and glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL). Area under the pregnancy concentration curve (AUC) for glucose and triglycerides, gestational weight gain (GWG), fat accretion, and energy intake and expenditure from early (13–16 wks), mid (24–27 wks) to late (35–37 wks) pregnancy and infant fat mass were compared between groups. Results Compared to women with MHO, women with MUO were not different with respect to maternal BMI, GWG, fat accretion, energy and macronutrient intake, and energy expenditure. In both groups, maternal substrates changed similarly from ∼13 to ∼37 weeks of pregnancy, however MUO resulted in greater pregnancy AUC for glucose (+2169.7 ± 381.5 p &lt; 0.001 mg/dL · day) and triglycerides (+12,210.5 ± 3916.1 mg/dL · day, p &lt; 0.001). The offspring of women with MHO had significantly lower birth weight (−620.8 ± 204.6 g, p = 0.01), body fat percentage (−5.8 ± 2.1%, p = 0.02), and total fat mass (−268.8 ± 88.4 g, p = 0.01). Conclusions Differing obesity phenotypes in pregnancy may explain the heterogeneity of offspring adiposity. Metabolically unhealthy obesity resulted in a more prolonged exposure of fetal fat promoting substrates and increased adiposity at birth. This study identifies a population of women with obesity most in need of prenatal interventions and suggests that obesity phenotypes need to be considered when evaluating intervention effect on offspring outcomes. Funding Sources R01DK099175.

scholarly journals Maternal Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and Offspring Adiposity: The Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill L. Kaar ◽  
Tessa Crume ◽  
John T. Brinton ◽  
Kimberly J. Bischoff ◽  
Robert McDuffie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Offspring Adiposity

scholarly journals Paternal and maternal obesity but not gestational weight gain is associated with type 1 diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Magnus ◽  
Sjurdur F Olsen ◽  
Charlotta Granstrom ◽  
Nicolai A Lund-Blix ◽  
Jannet Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Gestational Weight

scholarly journals Impact of maternal obesity on pregnancy course and maternal and perinatal complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Milan Lacković
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Anthropometric Parameter ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Excessive Gestational Weight Gain

 The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related health problems is increasing worldwide, especially among woman and man of reproductive age and obesity is designated as one of the most important global health threats in 21st century.  Pregnancy in obese woman is considered as a high-risk pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are distinct risk factors with differing associated adverse outcomes, but they could also carry a cumulative negative impact on pregnancy course. Pre-pregnancy obesity is the anthropometric parameter most strongly correlated with perinatal complications. Maternal complications following obesity include antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum complications, such as pregnancy related hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, venous thromboembolism, labor dystocia, labor induction, instrumental and cesarean delivery. Fetal complications related to maternal obesity might include increased prevalence of congenital anomalies, growth abnormalities, prematurity and stillbirth. Pre- pregnancy overweight and obesity is a potentially modifiable risk factor compromising pregnancy outcome. Among all complications that might arise during pregnancy and that could not be predicted and therefore prevented, pre- pregnancy overweight and obesity management control can significantly reduce potential pregnancy complications. Pre-conceptual counseling should provide in a timely manner awareness of this arising medical condition and provide risk reduction of complications following pre- pregnancy obesity and excessive GWG  obesity, pre-pregnancy obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, pregnancy risk factors, pregnancy complications  

scholarly journals How Can Maternal Lifestyle Interventions Modify the Effects of Gestational Diabetes in the Neonate and the Offspring? A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Mitanchez ◽  
Cécile Ciangura ◽  
Sophie Jacqueminet
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Excessive Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Adverse Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Meta Analyses

Gestational diabetes (GDM) has deleterious effects on the offspring. Maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG), often associated with diabetes, also contribute to these adverse outcomes. Objectives: To assess the benefit for the offspring of maternal lifestyle interventions, including diets and physical activity, to prevent or to improve GDM and to limit excessive GWG. Method: Systematic review of meta-analyses published in English between December 2014 and November 2019. Results: Lifestyle interventions to reduce the risk of GDM reported a decreased risk of 15% to 40%, with a greater effect of exercise compared to diet. Combined lifestyle interventions specifically designed to limit GWG reduced GWG by 1.6 kg in overweight and obese women, and on average by 0.7 to 1 kg in all pregnant women. In these trials, adverse neonatal outcomes were poorly studied. Combined lifestyle interventions in women with GDM significantly reduced fetal growth. Altogether, lifestyle interventions reduced the risk of preterm birth and shoulder dystocia, but individually, diets or exercise alone had no effect on neonatal adverse outcomes. Conclusion: Specific maternal, neonatal and offspring benefits of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy to prevent or improve GDM control or to limit GWG still require clarification.

scholarly journals Fetal and Placental Weight in Pre-Gestational Maternal Obesity (PGMO) vs. Excessive Gestational Weight Gain (EGWG)—A Preliminary Approach to the Perinatal Outcomes in Diet-Controlled Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3530
Author(s):  
Mariusz Gujski ◽  
Dariusz Szukiewicz ◽  
Marta Chołuj ◽  
Włodzimierz Sawicki ◽  
Iwona Bojar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Excessive Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
The Mean

Both pre-gestational maternal obesity (PGMO) and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Here, we conducted a retrospective study to comparatively examine the relation between fetal birth weight (FW) and placental weight (PW) in PGMO (n = 100) compared to EGWG (n = 100) with respect to perinatal outcomes in diet-controlled GDM. The control group was made up of 100 healthy pregnancies. The mean FW and the mean PW in EGWG were correlated with lowered fetal weight/placental weight ratio (FW/PW ratio). The percentage of births completed by cesarean section accounted for 47%, 32%, and 18% of all deliveries (EGWG, PGMO, and controls, respectively), with the predominance of FW-related indications for cesarean section. Extended postpartum hospital stays due to neonate were more frequent in EGWG, especially due to neonatal jaundice (p < 0.05). The results indicate the higher perinatal risk in mothers with EGWG compared to PGMO during GDM-complicated pregnancy. Further in-depth comparative studies involving larger patient pools are needed to validate these findings, the intent of which is to formulate guidelines for GDM patients in respect to management of PGMO and EGWG.

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