A method to quantify deviations from assay linearity

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1689-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Krouwer ◽  
B Schlain
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Analyte Concentration ◽  
Least Squares Estimate ◽  
Unequally Spaced ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Lack Of Fit ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Method

Abstract We present a statistical method to quantify deviations from linearity for assays that veer from linear assay responses. Our procedure handles the common case of unequally spaced analyte levels and nonconstant variance and provides a least-squares estimate with a confidence interval for the amount of deviation from assay linearity at a specified analyte concentration. This estimate of assay bias due to nonlinearity goes beyond the NCCLS EP6 lack-of-fit test, which tests for only the presence of nonlinearity. Knowing that nonlinearity is present is insufficient; users need to know the magnitude of the bias caused by nonlinearity. Our method can also be used with multifactor designs that estimate other systematic assay effects such as drift and carryover, thus obviating the need for a separate protocol to assess linearity. The procedure is carried out by adding extra columns to the design matrix corresponding to the concentration level(s) of interest. The extra columns, which replace the quadratic column, are orthogonal to all other columns. We describe a general method of constructing the new columns, and illustrate the procedure with a manual ammonia assay example dataset from EP6.

2018. gada latviešu metālmūzikas albumi

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Ingars Gusāns
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Music ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Music Scene ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
First Impression ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The aim of the study is to describe metal music albums of the year 2018 from the genre, textual and artistic aspects, looking for the common and diverse in the Latvian metal music world. It is recognised that there is still no unified collection of Latvian rock and metal music resources, and that makes the researcher’s work more interesting. Even though only ten metal albums came out in 2018, their metal styles are quite wide-ranging from symphonic metal and through thrash, groove, industrial metal to classic heavy metal, which is also played in an acoustic format. Album designs, in the author’s opinion, are classic but qualitative and do not damage the first impression, especially designs of those albums that were released on physical media. Because physical media is becoming an exclusive case, the trend continues to sell albums only in digital format (at least at first); this has been done by the bands “Revelation Attic”, “Yomi”, “Seira”, “NUVO”. Perhaps knowing that Latvia is too small to live on music only, as well as wishing to expand their audience and be noticed abroad, the 5 of the albums in question are recorded in English. The debuts of several newly formed bands (“Seira”, “Revelation Attic”, “Māra”) confirm the unlost interest in metal music and also show the attempts of these groups to build their way to Latvian and the world metal music scene, which manifests in their search for a strange sound (“NUVO”) or a strong female vocal use (“Oceanpath”, “Seira”, “Māra”). In general, Latvian metal music representatives continue the world’s metal music traditions, where it is extremely difficult to surprise because the number of existing bands is so large that it is almost impossible to be original, while the population of the planet is so big that many bands can access the listener so that each band also searches for its audience, both online and in concerts.

3 Power and sample size for ABE in the 2× 2 design Here we give formulae for the calculation of the power of the TOST procedure assuming that there are in total n subjects in the 2× 2 trial. Suppose that the null hypotheses given below are to be tested using a 100(1 − α)% two-sided confidence interval and a power of (1 − β) is required to reject these hypotheses when they are false. H :µ ≤− ln 1.25 H :µ ≥ ln 1.25. Let us define x to be a random variable that has a noncentral t-distribution with df degrees of freedom and noncentrality parameter nc, i.e., x ∼ t(df,nc). The cumulative distribution function of x is defined as CDF(t,df,nc) = Pr(x≤ t). Assume that the power is to be calculated using log(AUC). If σ is the common within-subject variance for T and R for log(AUC), and n/2 subjects are allocated to each of the sequences RT and TR, then 1−β = CDF(t , df,nc )−CDF(t , df,nc ) (7.1) where √ n(log(µ )− log(0.8)) nc = 2σ √ n(log(µ )− log(1.25)) nc = 2σ √ (n− 2)(nc −nc = ) df 2t and t is the 100(1 − α)% point of the central t-distribution on n− 2 degrees of freedom. Some SAS code to calculate the power for an ABE 2 × 2 trial is given below, where the required input variables are α, σ value of the ratio µ and n, the total number of subjects in the trial.

2003 ◽  
pp. 361-361
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Noncentrality Parameter ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Common ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
T Distribution

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Using Acupressure to Promote the Health of Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1144-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Chin Chen ◽  
Li-Yen Yang ◽  
Kuei-Min Chen ◽  
Hui-Fen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
The Common ◽  
Moderate Effect

Acupressure is noninvasive, safe, and appropriate for use among older adults. However, there remains little evidence of the common elements that contribute to the effectiveness of acupressure in promoting the health of older adults. A systematic review using meta-analysis was designed to examine the effects of acupressure on the health promotion in older adults. Studies published between 2012 and 2017 were searched for in 11 electronic databases. Acupressure was highly effective for improving sleep quality and cognitive functioning (0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.49, 1.22]; 1.23, 95% CI = [0.88, 1.59]). A slight to moderate effect was found in alleviating constipation (0.37, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.71]), and a moderate effect was found for alleviating pain and improving quality of life (0.71, 95% CI = [0.09, 1.32]; 0.59 95% CI = [0.36, 0.82]).

scholarly journals I. Mahonia aquifolia as a nurse of the wheat mildew ( Puccinia graminis )

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Common ◽  
Germ Tubes

It has always been difficult to account for the widely-spread nature of outbreaks of wheat mildew in districts in which the common barberry is either entirely absent or very uncommon. In the year 1874 the Rev. James Stevenson found at Glamis, in Forfarshire, an Æcidium upon Mahonia aquifolia , which the Rev. M. J. Berkelev pronounced to be Æcidium berberidis . In the following year Dr. Paul Magnus found the same fungus at Lichterfelde, near Berlin, but since that time it does not seem to have been noticed by any one. On the 31st of May, 1883, Mr. William C. Little, of Stagsholt, March, gave me a freshly gathered specimen of Mahonia aquifolia , upon the berries of which the Æcidium was abundant. Knowing that upon the barberry no less than three different AEcidia occur, I determined to prove by direct experimental culture whether this one was the Æeidium berberidis of Persoon (the æcidiospore of Puccinia graminis ). At 10 p. m. on the evening of the 31st May I placed some of the spores upon the cuticle of some wheat-plants which had been cultivated under a bell-glass. In eleven days the uredo of Puccinia graminis made its appearance upon these plants. The details of this, as well as of two other experiments, are appended. On the 13th June I placed some of the secidiospores upon a piece of wheat cuticle; in twelve hours they had germinated, and a little later the germ-tubes were seen entering the stomata, in the same manner as those of Æcidium berberidis do (see figure). It is then clear that the Æcidium upon Mahonia aquifolia is identical with the Æcidium berberidis (Pers.), and is a part of the life-cycle of Puccinia graminis , and is unconnected with the Æcidium magellanicum (Berk.), and the Æcidium of Puccinia berberidis (Mont.). The Mahonia in question is widely cultivated in gardens throughout England and is a favourite evergreen in shrubberies. It is also extensively planted in woods as a covert for game.

General Method to Design Reversible Universal n-Bit Up/Down Counters

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 2050165
Author(s):  
Zeinab Kalantari ◽  
Mohammad Eshghi ◽  
Majid Mohammadi ◽  
Somayeh Jassbi
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Sequential Circuits ◽  
Quantum Cost ◽  
Multiple Outputs ◽  
Reversible Circuits ◽  
Direct Design ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Method

With the growing trend towards reducing the size of electronic devices, reducing power consumption has become one of the major concerns of circuit designers, and designing reversible circuits is one of the approaches proposed for reducing power consumption. Although several studies have been done in the field of synthesizing combinational reversible circuits, little work has been done for designing reversible sequential circuits. Furthermore, many researches in this context use traditional designs which replace latches, flip-flops and associated combinational gates with their reversible counterparts. This traditional technique is not very promising, because it leads to high quantum cost (QC) and garbage outputs. Recently, researchers have proposed direct design of reversible sequential circuits using Reed Muller expressions to obtain next state output. Since most sequential circuits have multiple outputs, using common product terms between multiple outputs might decrease QC significantly. In this paper, a modular and low QC design for a synchronous reversible [Formula: see text]-bit up/down counter with parallel load capability is presented. In this design, the common terms among multiple outputs are used efficiently, which leads to a low QC for the counter. A general formula to evaluate the QC of our proposed reversible counter is presented. This result shows that in our proposed design by increasing the number of bits of counter ([Formula: see text], the QC increases linearly, while in previous works by increasing the number of bits of counter, the QC increases exponentially.

New Millennium; New Technology; Same Old Right and Wrong

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Computer Security ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Topic ◽  
The Right ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Future Date ◽  
New Millennium

What does ethics have to do with computer security in the new millennium? What, for that matter, did it have to do with computer security in the old millennium? To answer these two questions, we will start with a more fundamental question: what is ethics? In the first part of this chapter, we will briefly review ethics as a part of philosophy. We will examine three approaches that have been taken for hundreds of years as humans have tried to decide what is the right way to behave. We will then examine business ethics, which is an applied subset of the more general topic. Finally, we will explore specific issues which currently present themselves as matters of ethical concern in the world of computer security, and provide a framework for analyzing issues which have not yet presented themselves, but will do so at some future date. Is it ethical to lend a friend a set of discs which contain a three hundred dollar program that you have purchased, knowing that he intends to load the program onto his computer before returning the discs? Is it ethical to hack into computer systems, as long as you don’t disrupt or corrupt the systems? Is it ethical to monitor the e-mail of your employees? In order to answer these and a host of other questions, it is useful to think about the common element in all these questions: is it ethical?

scholarly journals Application of Irregular Flowing Water Construction in Architectural Garden Project Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 04017
Author(s):  
Li Xiuyun
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
General Method

Irregular flowing water construction is the common way of the construction of the garden project. On the basis of elaborating the form of flow water construction, the paper focuses on the general method of irregular flowing water construction, especially in the calculation of activity-on-arrow network, the garden project also needs to be introduced in the form of virtual work, in order to achieve the clear logic of the construction process and continuous construction.

scholarly journals READINESS OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FOR THE RETURN OF FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
DENIS ČALETA ◽  
SARA PERKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
European Security ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
The Eu

Povzetek V analizi smo želeli prikazati, ali so tuji borci resnično nevarni za evropsko varnost, saj vemo, da je morebitna grožnja vedno mogoča. Do zdaj je bilo zelo težko oceniti grožnjo vrnitve tujih borcev. V raziskavo smo vključili dve državi, v katerih so napade izvedli tuji borci, ki so se vrnili v državo. Vključeni državi sta bili Belgija in Francija. V raziskavi smo primerjali politiko posameznih držav s skupno zunanjo in varnostno politiko EU. Ugotavljali smo, kako se te države spoprijemajo z vrnitvijo tujih borcev in kateri ukrepi so bili glede tega sprejeti. Poleg tega smo poskušali oceniti, ali so bolj osredotočeni na pregon tujih borcev, ki se vračajo, ali je njihov poudarek na programih deradikalizacije in reintegracije. Ključne besede Tuji borci, terorizem, Islamska država, EU, zakonodaja. Abstract This analysis will consider whether foreign fighters pose a real danger to European security, knowing that the potential threat is always possible. Up to now, assessing the threat of returning foreign fighters has been very difficult. In this article we have attempted to analyze the attacks that have been carried out by returning foreign fighters in Belgium and France. Our research compared the politics of individual countries with the common foreign and security policy of the EU. We have investigated how these countries are dealing with the return of foreign fighters and what measures have been taken in this regard. In addition, we have tried to evaluate whether they are more focused on the prosecution of returning foreign fighters or whether their focus is connected with deradicalization and reintegration programmes. Key words Foreign fighters, terrorism, Islamic state, EU, legislation.

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