scholarly journals Geographic Song Variation and its Consequences in the Golden Bowerbird

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Westcott ◽  
Frederieke J. Kroon
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Abstract Geographic variation in birdsong is known from a variety of taxa, but is especially common and most frequently reported in passerines with resource-based territorial mating systems. To date, relatively little data have been presented on patterns of song variation in species with lek and leklike mating systems. In this paper, we describe geographic song variation in the Golden Bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) a species with a leklike mating system. We compared recordings of the species advertisement song, collected from five isolated forest blocks from across the species range in northeastern Australia. Golden Bowerbird advertisement song shows marked geographic variation in form. All males within a population sing a song similar to each other, but distinct from that of males from other locations. The song traits important in discriminating between the songs of the different populations were bandwidth, number of peaks, dominant frequency, fundamental frequency, internote interval, and pureness. Discriminant function analyses based on these traits were highly accurate in assigning songs to their population of origin. We then used playback experiments to test whether geographic song variation in Golden Bowerbirds is functional. In the playback experiments males responded more strongly to song from local dialects than from foreign dialects. We discuss our results in light of current hypotheses on the evolution of geographic song variation. Variación Geográfica del Canto y Sus Consecuencias en Prionodura newtonia Resumen. La variación geográfica del canto de las aves es conocida para muchos taxa, pero es especialmente común en paserinos con sistemas reproductivos territoriales basados en la disponibilidad de recursos. Hasta ahora, se han presentado relativamente pocos datos sobre la variación del canto en especies con un sistema reproductivo con asambleas de cortejo (lek) y con sistemas reproductivos similares al tipo lek. En este trabajo, describimos las variaciones geográficas del canto de Prionodura newtonia, una especie que presenta un sistema reproductivo del tipo lek. Comparamos grabaciones de los cantos de anuncio, colectados en cinco bosques aislados a lo largo del rango geográfico de la especie en el noreste de Australia. El canto de anuncio de P. newtonia mostró una marcada variación geográfica en cuanto a la forma. Todos los machos pertenecientes a una misma población cantaron de forma similar entre ellos, pero difirieron de machos pertenecientes a otras poblaciones. Los caracteres importantes que permitieron discriminar los cantos de las diferentes poblaciones fueron el ancho de la banda, el número de picos, la frecuencia dominante y fundamental, el intervalo entre notas, y la pureza. Los análisis de función discriminante basados en estos caracteres fueron altamente precisos en asignar los cantos a sus poblaciones de origen. Luego, utilizamos experimentos de play-back para probar si la variación geográfica del canto en esta especie es funcional. En los experimentos de play-back los machos respondieron más fuertemente a los cantos de los dialectos locales que a los extranjeros. Discutimos nuestros resultados en relación a las hipótesis actuales respecto a la evolución de la variación geográfica del canto.

Dominance and geographic information contained within black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) song

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (13) ◽  
pp. 1601-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison H. Hahn ◽  
Lauren M. Guillette ◽  
Marisa Hoeschele ◽  
Daniel J. Mennill ◽  
Ken A. Otter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Relative Amplitude ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

In songbirds, male song is an acoustic signal used to attract mates and defend territories. Typically, song is an acoustically complex signal; however, the fee-bee song of the black-capped chickadee is relatively simple. Despite this relative simplicity, two previous studies (Christie et al., 2004b; Hoeschele et al., 2010) found acoustic features within the fee-bee song that contain information regarding an individual’s dominance rank; however each of these studies reported a different dominance-related acoustic cue. Specifically, the relative amplitude of the two notes differed between the songs of dominant and subordinate males from northern British Columbia, while the interval pitch ratio differed between the songs of dominant and subordinate males from eastern Ontario. In the current study, we examined six acoustic features within songs from both of the chickadee populations (northern British Columbia and eastern Ontario) examined in these previous studies and used bioacoustic analyses and discriminant function analyses to determine whether there is a consistent dominance-related acoustic cue across both, or in each of these populations. Consistent with the previous findings, the current results indicate that relative amplitude differs based on dominance status in the songs from British Columbia; however, our results failed to reach significance with songs from Ontario. These results suggest that acoustic cues that signal a male’s dominance in this species vary with geographic location. Furthermore, examining songs from these two locations and one additional location in northern British Columbia, we found that discriminant function analyses could correctly classify songs based on geographic location. Considering the broad extent of the species’ range, black-capped chickadee song is considered relatively invariant; however, our results suggest that there is geographic variation in songs, although the differences are subtle compared to geographic song variation in other species.

A desert songbird with no confamilials in the Western Hemisphere (Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps) investigates divergent conspecific songs

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma I Greig ◽  
Eva Kinnebrew ◽  
Max L Witynski ◽  
Eric C Larsen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Playback Experiment ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Desert Regions ◽  
Close Relatives

Abstract Most birds that show geographic variation in their songs discriminate between local and foreign songs, which may help them avoid unnecessary conflicts with vagrant individuals or similar-sounding congeners. However, some species respond equally to foreign and local songs, which may be useful if foreign individuals present territorial threats or if there are no sympatric congeners to avoid. Species without sympatric congeners are not commonly tested in playback studies, but they offer an opportunity to see how song variation and recognition unfolds when the pressure to avoid similar congeners is absent. Here, we use Verdins (Auriparus flaviceps), a monotypic genus of songbird with no confamilials in North America, to explore song variation and recognition in a species living without close relatives. We assessed geographic variation in song across the Verdin range and conducted a playback experiment using exemplars from 2 acoustically divergent and geographically distant regions as treatments. We found significant geographic variation in song that mapped well onto ecologically distinct desert regions. We found that Verdins had stronger vocal responses to local-sounding songs, but had equal movement responses to local-sounding and foreign songs. These results are similar to results found in other species without sympatric congeners and provide an example of a species that investigates acoustically divergent conspecific songs, despite recognizing salient differences in those songs.

Validity and Clinical Scale Comparisons between the MMPI and MMPI-2 with Psychiatric Inpatients

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudley David Blake ◽  
Phillip M. Kleespies ◽  
Walter E. Penk ◽  
Suellen S. Walsh ◽  
DeAnna L. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Clinical Scale ◽  
Acute Psychiatry ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

This study was designed to investigate the comparability of the original MMPI (1950) and the MMPI-2 (1989) with a psychiatric patient population. 34 male and 3 female patients, shortly after admission to one of two acute psychiatry units, completed the old and revised versions of the MMPI. Paired t tests indicated but scant differences for raw scores, while many more differences were found among T scores for validity, clinical, and supplemental scales. Analyses, however, showed all scales on the two forms to be highly correlated. Analysis of the high-point and two-point codes across the two administrations also showed relative stability, although the proportion of Scales 2 (Depression) and 8 (Schizophrenia) decreased, while those for Scales 6 (Paranoia) and 7 (Psychasthenia) increased markedly in the MMPI-2 protocols. Examination of each version's discriminability among mood- and thought-disordered subsamples suggested that the MMPI provides slightly better delineation between diagnostic classes. Discriminant function analyses showed that there were essentially no differences between the two forms in the accurate classification of clinical and nonclinical groups. The findings reported here provide support for the MMPI-2; despite modification, the newer form retains the advantages of the original MMPI. Differences found here may be unique to psychiatric patients and their patterns of MMPI/MMPI-2 equivalence and may not generalize to other special populations.

Plant mating systems and assessing population persistence in fragmented landscapes

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Coates ◽  
Jane F. Sampson ◽  
Colin J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Habitat Disturbance ◽  
Population Persistence ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Fragmented Landscapes

Population size and habitat disturbance are key factors likely to shape the mating system of populations in disturbed and fragmented landscapes. They would be expected to influence the availability and behaviour of the pollinator, the ability to find mates in self-incompatible species, inbreeding in self-compatible species and the size of the pollen pool. These in turn might be expected to influence key variables critical for population persistence such as seed production, seed germination and seedling fitness. Here we investigate mating-system variation in six rare species, i.e. Banksia cuneata, B. oligantha, Lambertia orbifolia (Proteaceae), Verticordia fimbrilepis subsp. fimbrilepis, Eucalyptus rameliana (Myrtaceae), Acacia sciophanes (Mimosaceae), and two common species, i.e. Calothamnus quadrifidus (Myrtaceae) and Acacia anfractuosa. All seven species are animal-pollinated relatively long-lived woody shrubs with mixed-mating systems. Population variation in mating-system parameters was investigated in relation to population size and habitat disturbance. We show that although the mating system will vary depending on pollination biology and life-history, as populations get smaller and habitat disturbance increases there is a trend towards increased inbreeding, smaller effective sizes of paternal pollen pools and greater variation in outcrossing among plants. From the species investigated in this study we have found that changes in the mating system can be useful indicators of population processes and can give valuable insight into the development of conservation strategies for the persistence of plant species following anthropogenic disturbance and landscape fragmentation.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF INTERACTIONS IN FAMILY-STRUCTURED POPULATIONS: MIXED MATING MODELS

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Richard E Michod
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Multiplicative Model ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Mixed Mating ◽  
Genotypic Distribution ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Recessive Genes

ABSTRACT The effect of inbreeding on sociality is studied theoretically for the evolution of interactions between siblings in certain mixed mating systems that give rise to inbreeding: sib with random mating and selfing with random mating. Two approaches are taken. First, specific models of altruism are studied for the various mating systems. In the case of the additive model, inbreeding facilitates the evolution of altruistic genes. Likewise, for the multiplicative model this is usually the case, as long as the costs of altruism are not too great. Second, the case of total altruism, in which the gene has zero individual fitness but increases the fitness of associates, is studied for a general fitness formulation. In this case, inbreeding often retards the ability of such genes to increase when rare, and the equilibrium frequency of those recessive genes that can increase is totally independent of the mating system and, consequently, of the amount of inbreeding. It appears from the results presented that inbreeding facilitates most forms of altruism, but retards extreme altruism. These results stem from the fact that inbreeding increases the within-family relatedness by increasing the between-family variance in allele frequency. In most cases this facilitates altruism. However, in the case of total altruism, only heterozygotes can pass on the altruistic allele, and inbreeding tends to decrease this heterozygote class. In either case, the important effect of inbreeding lies in altering the genotypic distribution of the interactions.

scholarly journals Truss network based morphometric and meristic variations among south-western populations of Macrognathus aculeatus in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3(SI)) ◽  
pp. 887-894
Author(s):  
M. Sarower-E-Mahfuj ◽  
◽  
S.K. Das ◽  
K.N. Azad ◽  
A.K. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Network System ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Macrognathus Aculeatus ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Separation Results ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Aim: Landmark-based truss network system was applied to examine the morphometric and meristic differences among four different populaces of Macrognathus aculeatus namely; Dhakuriabeel, Jashore (DBJ); Arial Kha River, Madaripur (AKRM); Nabaganga River, Jhenaidah (NRJ); Kopotakkha River, Jashore (KRJ) in Bangladesh. Methodology: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Results: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Interpretation: The baseline information derived from the present study would be useful for appropriate conservation of M. aculeatus populations as well as for the researchers for further investigation.

2. Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Males And Females

‘Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long’ examines the variation in how males and females associate during the breeding season, ranging from brief couplings with multiple partners to lifelong monogamy. It also shows how the discovery that females mate with many partners, even in supposedly monogamous species such as songbirds, was made possible by modern genetic techniques. Variation in mating systems holds considerable implications for the operation of sexual selection. The way that animal mating systems have been explained historically is outlined before considering how a more contemporary understanding of genetic and social relationships has reshaped our thinking and how understanding a species’ mating system can have practical applications.

Inbreeding and Outbreeding

1947 ◽  
Vol 1947 (01) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forbes W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Population Variance ◽  
Rule Of Thumb ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Particulate Nature ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Successive Generations

The type of mating system we should use in any plan of livestock improvement requires very careful consideration. By reason of the particulate nature of inheritance and the behaviour of chromosomes in the cell divisions preceding the formation of eggs and sperm, the various mating systems differ in their influence upon the uniformity or otherwise of successive generations, the chances of securing improvement, the scope for control by selection, and finally, our ability to discriminate between the relative contributions of genetic and environmental variations to the population variance. Because of the genetic complexity many misconceptions have flourished about what we may expect with different mating systems, about the effects of inbreeding and the advantages and dangers of outbreeding. Different breeders have often secured different results with similar mating systems and the search for a rule of thumb guide has proved fruitless.

Obsidian Blades from La Blanca, a Changing Lithic Industry on the South Coast of Guatemala

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Roger Nance ◽  
Katharine A. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Linear Discriminant Function ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Bipolar Technology ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Edge Wear ◽  
Middle Preclassic ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

In a study of Middle Preclassic (Conchas phase) ceramics from the site of La Blanca, Love (1989) derived a sequence of four subphases. Here, the focus is on 431 prismatic obsidian blades excavated from the same deposits in order to discern if patterns of change can be discovered in this lithic industry. For each blade, recorded attributes describe blade dimensions and edge wear, as observed through low-power microscopy. Chronological controls were set by ceramic associations. Through the sequence, blades became smaller and more fragmentary, due, we hypothesized, to an increasing scarcity of obsidian. As predicted from these trends, we found that wear patterns became more pronounced through time, and use of a bipolar technology became increasingly important for removing (rejuvenating) worn lateral edges. A definite obsidian-blade sequence emerged, which was investigated through linear discriminant-function analyses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document