Dominance and geographic information contained within black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) song

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (13) ◽  
pp. 1601-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison H. Hahn ◽  
Lauren M. Guillette ◽  
Marisa Hoeschele ◽  
Daniel J. Mennill ◽  
Ken A. Otter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Relative Amplitude ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

In songbirds, male song is an acoustic signal used to attract mates and defend territories. Typically, song is an acoustically complex signal; however, the fee-bee song of the black-capped chickadee is relatively simple. Despite this relative simplicity, two previous studies (Christie et al., 2004b; Hoeschele et al., 2010) found acoustic features within the fee-bee song that contain information regarding an individual’s dominance rank; however each of these studies reported a different dominance-related acoustic cue. Specifically, the relative amplitude of the two notes differed between the songs of dominant and subordinate males from northern British Columbia, while the interval pitch ratio differed between the songs of dominant and subordinate males from eastern Ontario. In the current study, we examined six acoustic features within songs from both of the chickadee populations (northern British Columbia and eastern Ontario) examined in these previous studies and used bioacoustic analyses and discriminant function analyses to determine whether there is a consistent dominance-related acoustic cue across both, or in each of these populations. Consistent with the previous findings, the current results indicate that relative amplitude differs based on dominance status in the songs from British Columbia; however, our results failed to reach significance with songs from Ontario. These results suggest that acoustic cues that signal a male’s dominance in this species vary with geographic location. Furthermore, examining songs from these two locations and one additional location in northern British Columbia, we found that discriminant function analyses could correctly classify songs based on geographic location. Considering the broad extent of the species’ range, black-capped chickadee song is considered relatively invariant; however, our results suggest that there is geographic variation in songs, although the differences are subtle compared to geographic song variation in other species.

scholarly journals Geographic Song Variation and its Consequences in the Golden Bowerbird

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Westcott ◽  
Frederieke J. Kroon
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Abstract Geographic variation in birdsong is known from a variety of taxa, but is especially common and most frequently reported in passerines with resource-based territorial mating systems. To date, relatively little data have been presented on patterns of song variation in species with lek and leklike mating systems. In this paper, we describe geographic song variation in the Golden Bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) a species with a leklike mating system. We compared recordings of the species advertisement song, collected from five isolated forest blocks from across the species range in northeastern Australia. Golden Bowerbird advertisement song shows marked geographic variation in form. All males within a population sing a song similar to each other, but distinct from that of males from other locations. The song traits important in discriminating between the songs of the different populations were bandwidth, number of peaks, dominant frequency, fundamental frequency, internote interval, and pureness. Discriminant function analyses based on these traits were highly accurate in assigning songs to their population of origin. We then used playback experiments to test whether geographic song variation in Golden Bowerbirds is functional. In the playback experiments males responded more strongly to song from local dialects than from foreign dialects. We discuss our results in light of current hypotheses on the evolution of geographic song variation. Variación Geográfica del Canto y Sus Consecuencias en Prionodura newtonia Resumen. La variación geográfica del canto de las aves es conocida para muchos taxa, pero es especialmente común en paserinos con sistemas reproductivos territoriales basados en la disponibilidad de recursos. Hasta ahora, se han presentado relativamente pocos datos sobre la variación del canto en especies con un sistema reproductivo con asambleas de cortejo (lek) y con sistemas reproductivos similares al tipo lek. En este trabajo, describimos las variaciones geográficas del canto de Prionodura newtonia, una especie que presenta un sistema reproductivo del tipo lek. Comparamos grabaciones de los cantos de anuncio, colectados en cinco bosques aislados a lo largo del rango geográfico de la especie en el noreste de Australia. El canto de anuncio de P. newtonia mostró una marcada variación geográfica en cuanto a la forma. Todos los machos pertenecientes a una misma población cantaron de forma similar entre ellos, pero difirieron de machos pertenecientes a otras poblaciones. Los caracteres importantes que permitieron discriminar los cantos de las diferentes poblaciones fueron el ancho de la banda, el número de picos, la frecuencia dominante y fundamental, el intervalo entre notas, y la pureza. Los análisis de función discriminante basados en estos caracteres fueron altamente precisos en asignar los cantos a sus poblaciones de origen. Luego, utilizamos experimentos de play-back para probar si la variación geográfica del canto en esta especie es funcional. En los experimentos de play-back los machos respondieron más fuertemente a los cantos de los dialectos locales que a los extranjeros. Discutimos nuestros resultados en relación a las hipótesis actuales respecto a la evolución de la variación geográfica del canto.

Validity and Clinical Scale Comparisons between the MMPI and MMPI-2 with Psychiatric Inpatients

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudley David Blake ◽  
Phillip M. Kleespies ◽  
Walter E. Penk ◽  
Suellen S. Walsh ◽  
DeAnna L. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Clinical Scale ◽  
Acute Psychiatry ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

This study was designed to investigate the comparability of the original MMPI (1950) and the MMPI-2 (1989) with a psychiatric patient population. 34 male and 3 female patients, shortly after admission to one of two acute psychiatry units, completed the old and revised versions of the MMPI. Paired t tests indicated but scant differences for raw scores, while many more differences were found among T scores for validity, clinical, and supplemental scales. Analyses, however, showed all scales on the two forms to be highly correlated. Analysis of the high-point and two-point codes across the two administrations also showed relative stability, although the proportion of Scales 2 (Depression) and 8 (Schizophrenia) decreased, while those for Scales 6 (Paranoia) and 7 (Psychasthenia) increased markedly in the MMPI-2 protocols. Examination of each version's discriminability among mood- and thought-disordered subsamples suggested that the MMPI provides slightly better delineation between diagnostic classes. Discriminant function analyses showed that there were essentially no differences between the two forms in the accurate classification of clinical and nonclinical groups. The findings reported here provide support for the MMPI-2; despite modification, the newer form retains the advantages of the original MMPI. Differences found here may be unique to psychiatric patients and their patterns of MMPI/MMPI-2 equivalence and may not generalize to other special populations.

scholarly journals Truss network based morphometric and meristic variations among south-western populations of Macrognathus aculeatus in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3(SI)) ◽  
pp. 887-894
Author(s):  
M. Sarower-E-Mahfuj ◽  
◽  
S.K. Das ◽  
K.N. Azad ◽  
A.K. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Network System ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Macrognathus Aculeatus ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Separation Results ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Aim: Landmark-based truss network system was applied to examine the morphometric and meristic differences among four different populaces of Macrognathus aculeatus namely; Dhakuriabeel, Jashore (DBJ); Arial Kha River, Madaripur (AKRM); Nabaganga River, Jhenaidah (NRJ); Kopotakkha River, Jashore (KRJ) in Bangladesh. Methodology: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Results: Completely 80 samples of M. aculeatus were collected (20 individuals from each population) for this study. Six meristic characters, 6 morphometric characters and 15 truss-based morphometric characters were measured for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-HSD post hoc test. Discriminant function analyses were also performed by using morphometric and truss-based morphometric characters to detect potential characters responsible for population separation. Interpretation: The baseline information derived from the present study would be useful for appropriate conservation of M. aculeatus populations as well as for the researchers for further investigation.

Geographic Variation in Song of Gambel's White-Crowned Sparrow

Behaviour ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Species Recognition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Song Recognition ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dialect Recognition ◽  
Song Types

AbstractWhite-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) song varies geographically, often forming local 'dialects' in sedentary and short-distance migratory subspecies. In playback experiments males and females can distinguish this variation. Gambel's white-crowned sparrow (Z. L. gambelii) is a long-distance migrant that breeds across subarctic Canada and Alaska. Previous studies identified a wide degree of song variation within local populations of this subspecies. I compared songs recorded in Alaska and Churchill, Manitoba, and found significant differences in acoustic structure. As in other subspecies, the most prominent differences occurred in the terminal trill portion of the song. In a playback experiment to territorial males at Churchill, males gave equivalent strong responses to both Alaska and local gambelii song, significantly weaker responses to mountain white-crowned sparrow (Z. L. oriantha) song, and the weakest responses to heterospecific song. I describe a model of song recognition in which 'dialect recognition' is a component of species recognition. I conclude that as a consequence of differences in the timing of song learning, the subspecies of white-crowned sparrow may differ in the acoustic features that they attend to in song recognition. The diversity of song types at a local level within gambelii populations may interfere with recognizing song differences between populations.

Obsidian Blades from La Blanca, a Changing Lithic Industry on the South Coast of Guatemala

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Roger Nance ◽  
Katharine A. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Linear Discriminant Function ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Bipolar Technology ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Edge Wear ◽  
Middle Preclassic ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

In a study of Middle Preclassic (Conchas phase) ceramics from the site of La Blanca, Love (1989) derived a sequence of four subphases. Here, the focus is on 431 prismatic obsidian blades excavated from the same deposits in order to discern if patterns of change can be discovered in this lithic industry. For each blade, recorded attributes describe blade dimensions and edge wear, as observed through low-power microscopy. Chronological controls were set by ceramic associations. Through the sequence, blades became smaller and more fragmentary, due, we hypothesized, to an increasing scarcity of obsidian. As predicted from these trends, we found that wear patterns became more pronounced through time, and use of a bipolar technology became increasingly important for removing (rejuvenating) worn lateral edges. A definite obsidian-blade sequence emerged, which was investigated through linear discriminant-function analyses.

Sensation Seeking among High and Low-Risk Male Athletes

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Straub
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Many problems are associated with the measurement of athletes in contemporary sport psychology. There is, for example, a dearth of valid and reliable tests to assess the many and diverse behaviors of players. The purpose of this investigation was to attempt to validate Zuckerman's sensation seeking scale (SSS V) using high- and low-risk sport participants. The SSS (Form V) was administered to male hang gliders (n = 33), automobile racers (n = 22), and intercollegiate bowlers (n = 25). It was hypothesized that the high-risk athletes (hang gliders and auto racers) would score significantly higher (.05 level) than the low-risk sport participants (bowlers) in total sensation seeking score and on the four subscales of Zuckerman's test. Stepwise multiple discriminant function analyses found that except for thrill and adventure seeking and disinhibition subscales, the above hypotheses were tenable. Thus, it was concluded that support exists for Zuckerman's SSS (Form V) as a measure of sensation seeking among male athletes.

Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2268 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEOPOLDO M. RUEDA ◽  
TRACY L. BROWN ◽  
HEUNG-CHUL KIM ◽  
TERRY A. KLEIN ◽  
AMPORN THONGKUKIATKUL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

The eggs of six Anopheles Hyrcanus Group (An. sinensis Wiedemann, An. kleini Rueda, An. belenrae Rueda, An. pullus M. Yamada, An. lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sineroides S. Yamada) and related species (An. koreicus S. Yamada and Watanabe, An. lindesayi japonicus S. Yamada), were described from scanning electron micrographs of specimens collected from different localities of the Republic of Korea. Morphometric measurements of egg samples of the eight species were compared and relationships analyzed by multivariate statistics. About 27 characters were selected and used as a basis for principal and discriminant function analyses. Scanning electron micrographs of various parts of the eggs were selected to illustrate interspecific differences for particular morphological features (e.g. anterior and posterior tubercles, decks, plastron, micropyles, floats).

scholarly journals 1117. A Retrospective Analysis of Paediatric Prescribing in British Columbia from 2013 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S397-S397
Author(s):  
Ariana Saatchi ◽  
David M Patrick ◽  
James McCormack ◽  
Andrew Morris ◽  
Fawziah Marra
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescription Database ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Antibiotic prescribing in pediatric care is highly prevalent. Often children are prescribed antibiotics for conditions that are commonly self-limiting and viral in etiology such as upper respiratory tract infections. The purpose of this study was to examine the scope of pediatric antibiotic prescribing in British Columbia from 2013 to 2016 and identify potential new provincial antimicrobial stewardship targets. Methods Antibiotic prescription data for children were extracted from a provincial prescription database, and linked to demographic files in order to obtain patient age, sex and geographic location. Prescription rates were then calculated, and trends were examined by major anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification. Results Our cohort included an average of 271,134 children per year and 1,767,652 antibiotic prescriptions. Over the 4 years, rates of antibiotic prescribing increased 4.5% (from 453 to 474 prescriptions per 1,000 population per year). The greatest increase, across all classes of antibiotics, was seen in children aged 0–2 years of age. By 2016, the greatest increase in prescribing, by class, was observed in J01X (e.g., nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin) with a 1360% increase for children aged 3–9. Across all ages, quinolones (J01M) increased 98%. Remaining classes, including β lactams (J01C), and macrolides (J01F), experienced modest reductions in the older age groups. Conclusion Past studies have illustrated decreasing or static rates of antibiotic prescribing in British Columbia. However, we have identified a paradoxical (4.5%) increase in pediatric antibiotic prescribing since 2013. Although it appears that provincial efforts have been successful in reducing the use of broad-spectrum penicillins (J01C), marked surges in the use of classes like tetracylines (J01A), quinolones (J01M), and other antibacterials (J01X) identify a new potential target for provincial stewardship. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Differences in skeletal characters between the disjunct eastern and western populations of ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice M. Termaat ◽  
John P. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lake Of The Woods ◽  
Larus Delawarensis ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Univariate analyses of variance, multivariate analyses of variance (Manova), and discriminant function analyses were performed on measurements of 51 skeletal characters of adult males and females from the disjunct eastern and western populations of the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) in Canada. The analyses established sufficient differences in skeletal characters to permit correct identification of the origin of 34 of 38 males (90%) and 40 of 42 females (95%). The populations are now expanding in range to the extent where new colonies are established in the Lake of the Woods, Ontario region, the historical hiatus between the two populations. Further expansion and contact may well erase the existing skeletal differences of individuals in these populations.

DISTRIBUTION OF CHRYSOLINA SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN EASTERN ONTARIO, 18 YEARS AFTER THEIR INITIAL RELEASE

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 937-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Fields ◽  
John T. Arnason ◽  
Bernard J.R. Philogène
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
St John's Wort ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Eastern Ontario

Hypericum perforatum L., St. John's - wort (Hypericaceae), is a cosmopolitan weed that, when eaten by livestock, causes photodermatitis, reduced weight gain, and, in extreme cases, death (Giese 1980). Chrysolina hyperici (Forester) and Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) dramatically reduced populations of H. perforatum when introduced into Australia (Clark 1953) and the United States (Holloway and Huffaker 1951; Holloway 1957). These species also have served as effective biocontrol agents when introduced into central British Columbia (Smith 1958), Ontario, and Nova Scotia (Harris and Maw 1984). This paper surveys the distribution of Chrysolina spp. in eastern Ontario, 18 years after initial release of both species.

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