The First Basic Problem: A Review of Molt and Plumage Homologies

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve N. G. Howell ◽  
Chris Corben ◽  
Peter Pyle ◽  
Danny I. Rogers

AbstractAll birds have fundamentally similar patterns of plumage succession. Thus Humphrey and Parkes (1959) proposed a system of nomenclature (the H-P system), based on homologies, that has become standard for molt studies in North America. However, presumably analogous similarities in pattern between first basic and definitive basic plumages have obscured homologies. Many plumages conventionally known as “first basic” are better considered as novel first-cycle plumages that lack homologous counterparts in subsequent cycles. Consequently, current nomenclature does not consistently reflect between-species homologies. Howell and Corben (2000b) proposed that traditional juvenal plumage can be considered an unambiguous starting point for a terminology that better reflects presumed homologies in basic plumages; alternate and other nonbasic plumages may not necessarily be homologous between species. Four underlying strategies of increasing complexity incorporate all known patterns of plumage succession: the Simple Basic Strategy, the Complex Basic Strategy, the Simple Alternate Strategy, and the Complex Alternate Strategy. We review inconsistency in the H-P system; explain the four underlying strategies; and discuss how one can identify homologies (if any) between plumages in first and subsequent cycles and among taxa. Many species have novel plumages added into their first plumage cycle; we argue that existing terminology for these plumages is unsuitable and we term them formative plumages attained by preformative molts. Finally, we provide examples of how this modified H-P system can be applied to diverse taxa of birds while reflecting the homology underlying all basic plumage cycles. Our revision validates the flexibility and utility of the H-P system.El Problema del Primer Plumaje Básico: Una Revisión de las Homologías de la Muda y del PlumajeResumen. Todas las aves tienen patrones de sucesión del plumaje fundamentalmente similares. De este modo, Humphrey y Parkes (1959) propusieron un sistema de nomenclatura (el sistema H-P), basado en homologías, el cual ha sido de uso común en estudios de muda de plumaje en Norte América. Sin embargo, supuestas similitudes análogas entre el primer plumaje básico y el plumaje definitivo básico han confundido las homologías. Muchos plumajes convencionalmente conocidos como “primer básico” son considerados mejor como plumajes originales del primer ciclo que carecen de contrapartes homólogas en los ciclos siguientes. Consecuentemente, la nomenclatura actual no refleja las homologías entre especies. Howell y Corben (2000b) propusieron que el tradicional plumaje juvenil puede ser considerado como un punto de partida inequívoco para una terminología que refleje mejor las homologías presuntas en los plumajes básicos; los plumajes alternos y otros plumajes no básicos pudieran no ser homólogos entre especies. Cuatro estrategias de creciente complejidad incorporan todos los patrones conocidos de sucesión de plumajes: La Estrategia Básica Simple, La Estrategia Básica Compleja, La Estrategia Alterna Simple, y La Estrategia Alterna Compleja. Examinamos ciertas inconsistencias en el sistema H-P; explicamos las cuatro estrategias subyacentes, y discutimos cómo se pueden identificar homologías (cuando existen) entre los plumajes del primer ciclo y de los ciclos siguientes, y entre taxa diferentes. Muchas especies tienen plumajes originales adicionales en su primer ciclo de plumaje; sostenemos que la terminología actual para estos plumajes es inadecuada y los denominamos como plumajes formativos, logrados por mudas preformativas. Finalmente, damos ejemplos de como este sistema H-P modificado puede ser aplicado a diversos tipos de aves y al mismo tiempo reflejar la homología subyacente a todos los ciclos de plumajes básicos. Nuestra revisión valida la flexibilidad y utilidad del sistema H-P.

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve N. G. Howell ◽  
Chris Corben ◽  
Peter Pyle ◽  
Danny I. Rogers

Abstract In this issue, Jenni and Winkler, Piersma, Thompson, and Willoughby offer commentaries on our modifications (Howell et al. 2003) to the Humphrey-Parkes system for naming molts and plumages (Humphrey and Parkes 1959; the H-P system). Piersma generally accepts our revision and outlines how its use could improve our ability to understand other cyclic life-history phenomena. Both Jenni and Winkler and Willoughby disagree with the philosophy of the H-P system, particularly its ability to reveal homologies. Thompson accepts the H-P system but argues that our elaboration on the system is faulty. However, we believe that despite a diversity of opinion concerning our proposal there is much common ground, including agreement regarding the homology of juvenal and basic plumages across species and the utility of the new term “formative.” The main points we review here are the potential dichotomy between homologies of molt and homologies of plumage coloration; the caution that should be applied when using plumage coloration to identify presumed homologous molts; and a clarification of definitions of plumage, molt, and the first plumage cycle. We remain convinced that our modified version of the H-P system represents a significant improvement in terminology, and will better reflect the homologies of molts. El Problema del Primer Plumaje Básico: Respuesta a los Comentarios sobre Howell et al. (2003) Resumen. En este número, Jenni y Winkler, Piersma, Thompson y Willoughby ofrecen comentarios sobre nuestras modificaciones (Howell et al. 2003) al sistema Humphrey-Parkes para nombrar las mudas y los plumajes (el sistema H-P; Humphrey and Parkes 1959). Piersma en general acepta nuestra revisión y esboza cómo su uso podría mejorar nuestra habilidad para entender otros fenómenos cíclicos de las historias de vida. Tanto Jenni y Winkler como Willoughby están en desacuerdo con la filosofía del sistema H-P, particularmente en cuanto a su habilidad para revelar homologías. Thompson acepta el sistema H-P, pero aduce que nuestra elaboración sobre éste es errónea. Sin embargo, creemos que a pesar de la diversidad de opiniones en torno a nuestra propuesta existen muchos puntos en los que convenimos, incluyendo la homología de los plumajes juveniles y básicos a través de las especies y la utilidad del nuevo término formativo. Los puntos principales que aquí revisamos son la dicotomía potencial entre las homologías de la muda y las homologías de la coloración del plumaje, la cautela que debe tenerse al usar la coloración del plumaje para identificar mudas presuntamente homólogas y una clarificación de nuestras definiciones de plumaje, muda y el primer ciclo del plumage. Seguimos convencidos de que nuestra versión modificada del sistema H-P representa un mejoramiento significativo en la terminología, que reflejará mejor las homologías de las mudas.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Thompson

AbstractHowell et al. (2003) argue that the Humphrey-Parkes (H-P) system of molt terminology is flawed because it requires using traditional first prebasic molt as the starting point for plumage succession that results in noncorrespondence between nomenclature and presumed homology in first basic plumages. However, the H-P system does not require this. Second, they argue that plumage color can be a misleading criterion for evaluating plumage homologies. I show, however, that the timing and extent of molts, and thus their homologies, can de documented more accurately by using plumage color than by not doing so. Howell et al. (2003) propose a revised H-P system. To follow their system, one must accept their notion that no first-cycle molts are homologous with prebasic molts in subsequent molt cycles. However, this is not so as many species have a molt in their first cycle that is homologous to definitive prebasic molt. In addition, Howell et al.'s (2003) system does not offer any new or better criteria for identifying homologies than those suggested by Humphrey and Parkes (1959) and, thus, is not an improvement on the H-P system. First-cycle molts and plumages of most birds are poorly known. Therefore, we will not have sufficient data to determine whether new molts have been evolutionarily added to the first cycle, as suggested by Howell et al. (2003), until the molts of many more species of birds are studied. Further, these studies must be done on closely related species, not phylogenetically distant ones as proposed by Howell et al. (2003).Determinación de las Homologías Evolutivas de la Muda y el Plumaje: Un Comentario sobre Howell et al. (2003)Resumen. Howell et al. (2003) aducen que el sistema Humphrey-Parkes (H-P) de terminología para la muda es erróneo porque requiere utilizar la primera muda prebásica como el punto de partida para la sucesión del plumaje, lo que resulta en falta de correspondencia entre la nomenclatura y las presuntas homologías en los primeros plumajes básicos. Sin embargo, el sistema H-P no requiere esto. Segundo, ellos argumentan que el color de plumaje puede ser un criterio engañoso para evaluar las homologías del plumaje, pero yo demuestro que el momento y la extensión de las mudas, y por tanto sus homologías, pueden documentarse con mayor exactitud utilizando el color del plumaje que no haciéndolo. Howell et al. (2003) proponen un sistema H-P revisado que implica aceptar su noción de que ninguna de las mudas del primer ciclo es homóloga con mudas prebásicas de ciclos de muda subsiguientes. Sin embargo, esto no es así, pues muchas especies tienen una muda en su primer ciclo que es homóloga a la muda prebásica definitiva. Adicionalmente, el sistema de Howell et al. (2003) no ofrece criterios nuevos o mejores para identificar las homologías que aquellos sugeridos por Humphrey and Parkes (1959), por lo que no representa un mejoramiento del sistema H-P. Las mudas y los plumajes del primer ciclo de la mayoría de las aves son poco conocidos. Por lo tanto, hasta que no se estudie la muda en muchas más especies de aves, no tendremos suficientes datos para determinar si nuevas mudas se han adicionado evolutivamente al primer ciclo como Howell et al. (2003) sugirieron. Más aún, dichos estudios deben hacerse en especies estrechamente relacionadas, no en aquellas filogenéticamente distantes como Howell et al. (2003) propusieron.


Author(s):  
Itxaso Gallastegui Ormaechea

LABURPENA: Espainiako sistema politiko-administratiboak azkenaldian bizi duen krisialdiaren irtenbidea, hein handi batean, gardentasun publikoa herrialde baten izaera demokratikoaren zutabe sendo eta ordezkaezina dela aitortzeak eratzen du. Bide horretan, abiapuntu gisa, informazio publikora sarbidea izateko oinarrizko eskubide baten errekonozimendua identifika daiteke. Informazioaren eta komunikazioaren teknologia berriek —Open Data eta Open Government Atariek, besteak beste— zabaldutako harreman digitaleko kanalak ere paper garrantzitsu bat jokatzera datozela esan beharra dago, euren inplikazioen gardentasuna bermatzeko eta sustatzeko kontrol-mekanismo egokien ezarpena galdatuagatik ere. Baina espainiar Administrazio Publikoen antolaketa eta jarduna gardenak direla segurtatu dadin, ezinbestekoa da beste zenbait medio eta instrumentutara jotzea, etika publikoaren berrezarpenera, batez ere. RESUMEN: La solución a la crisis que últimamente vive el sistema político-administrativo español pasa, en gran medida, por que se acepte que la transparencia pública es un firme e irremplazable pilar del carácter democrático de un país. El reconocimiento de un derecho fundamental de acceso a la información pública puede identificarse como punto de partida de dicha trayectoria. Cabe indicar que los canales de relación digital que han abierto las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación —los Portales de Open Data y Open Government, por ejemplo—, a pesar de exigir la instauración de mecanismos de control que aseguren y promuevan la transparencia de sus implicaciones, también vienen a desempeñar un papel importante. No obstante, para garantizar que la organización y la acción de las Administraciones Públicas españolas sea transparente, es preciso recurrir, también, a otra serie de vías e instrumentos, a la restauración de la ética pública, principalmente. ABSTRACT: The solution to the crisis that the Spanish political and administrative system is lately living rests to a great extent on accepting that public transparence is a firm and irreplaceable pillar to the democratic character of a country. The acknowledgment of a fundamental right to the access to public information can be identified as a starting point in that path. It should be pointed out that the channels of digital relationship opened by new technologies of information and communication —for example Open Data and Open Government websites— despite requiring the establishment of control mechanisms for securing and promoting the transparency of their implications, can also play an important role. However, in order to guarantee that the organization and the action by public administrations is transparent, it is necessary to resort to another sort of paths and instruments, mainly to public ethics.


Author(s):  
Juan José Ruiz Ruiz

La adopción de los Protocolos 15 y 16 ha culminado un nuevo proceso de reflexión sobre las deficiencias y transformaciones que habrá de afrontar en los próximos decenios el sistema de protección del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos. El nuevo Protocolo, bautizado el Protocolo 16 como el «protocolo del diálogo» incorpora una novedosa «vía incidental de diálogo» en el marco del control de convencionalidad, vía que viene a sumarse a las vías incidentales ya existentes en el marco de los controles de incidentales en aplicación del Derecho de la Unión Europea (UE) y en el marco del control de constitucionalidad. Este artículo dedica especial atención a la creciente complejidad de cuestión prejudicial convencional traerá en aquellos sistemas en los que hay una cuestión previa de constitucionalidad y la cuestión prejudicial en virtud del Derecho de la UE. El reenvío que incorpora el Protocolo 16 puede convertirse en una valiosa herramienta en el proceso de cooperación y propulsión de la coherencia del circuito jurisprudencial construido a partir de la circularidad de interpretaciones conformes de Tribunal Constitucional, Tribunal de Justicia de la UE y TEDH. La inserción de una nueva cuestión prejudicial no traerá por ello consigo una disminución en la autonomía del juez nacional, sino que debe ser vista como una garantía más de la triple tutela de derechos que se superponen y que tiene como regla esencial la del mejor standard de protección a partir de una disputa discursiva construida sobre la mejor solución.The adoption of the Protocols 15 and 16 to the ECHR has completed a new process of reflection on the shortcomings and transformations that the protection system of the European Convention on Human Rights will face in the coming decades. The new protocol, named the «protocol of dialogue», incorporates a novel «incidental procedure of dialogue » in the framework of the conventionality control, a procedure in addition to preliminary questions which already exist under European Union law (EU) and in the framework of constitutional control. This article aims to address particular reference to the increasing complexity that Conventional preliminary procedure will bring in those systems in which there are a preliminary question of constitutionality and the preliminary reference procedure on the interpretation of EU law. The preliminary reference procedure enacted by Protocol 16 can become a valuable tool in the process of cooperation and coherence propulsion of jurisprudential circuit, built from the circularity of conforming interpretations of the Constitutional Court, Court of Justice of the EU and ECtHR. The new preliminary question will not bring a reduction in the autonomy of national jurisdiction, but should be seen as a further guarantee of the triple protection of rights that overlap and whose essential rule is «the best standard of protection» from the starting point of a discursive argument founded on the best solution.


The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly J Spiller ◽  
Randy Dettmers

Abstract Aerial insectivores (birds that forage on aerial insects) have experienced significant population declines in North America. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed for these declines, but current evidence suggests multiple factors could be operating in combination during their annual migratory cycles between breeding and nonbreeding areas. Potential drivers include decreased prey abundance, direct or indirect impacts of environmental contaminants, habitat loss, phenological changes due to warming climate, and conditions on migratory stopover or wintering grounds. While no single threat appears to be the cause of aerial insectivore declines, existing evidence suggests that several of these factors could be contributing to the declines at different times in the annual lifecycle. Breeding productivity for most of these species does not appear to be limited by overall prey abundance, contaminants, or habitat loss, which suggests that similar issues on nonbreeding grounds or carryover effects could play important roles. However, a better understanding of the importance of prey quality throughout the lifecycle is critically needed. Based on current evidence, we propose that changes in availability of high-quality prey, with variability across breeding and nonbreeding grounds, reduce various combinations of fledging success, post-fledging survival, and nonbreeding season body condition of aerial insectivores, resulting in species and geographic differences in population trends. We encourage others to use this hypothesis as a starting point to test specific mechanisms by which availability of high-quality prey influences demographic parameters. We suggest that future research focus on defining prey quality, monitoring insect abundance in conjunction with birds, comparing demographic models across local populations experiencing different population growth rates, and using tracking technology to document important migratory and nonbreeding areas. Considerable research progress already has been made, but additional research is needed to better understand the complex web of potential causes driving aerial insectivore declines.


1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nakajima ◽  
Y. Takeuchi ◽  
K. Nakajima

SUMMARYThe nucleotide sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of influenza A (H3N2) isolates from the 1985–6 season in Japan along with those of several viruses isolated between 1982–5 from other countries were analyzed to determine the origin of the 1985–6 Japanese strains. The HA genes of these viruses consisted of 1762 nucleotides and had a three-nucleotide deletion downstream from the stop codon when compared to the sequences of earlier Hong Kong H3N2 viruses. An evolutionary tree of the HA genes of these viruses was drawn using the A/Bangkok/1/79 sequence as the starting point. Eight strains isolated from Asian and Pacific regions including Japan in the 1985–6 season (one in May) had the HA genes located closely on the evolutionary tree but away from those of the isolates in North America and Europe during the 1984–5 season, and a common ancestry for these viruses was suggested.


2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. William Chickering ◽  
Sharon Q. Yang

<strong>Abstract:</strong> Selection and implementation of a web scale Discovery tool by The Rider University Libraries (RUL) in the 2011-2012 academic year revealed the practical complexity of the endeavor. Research into the state of adoption of Web-scale Discovery tools in North America and the evolution of product effectiveness provided a starting point. The study reported here evaluated a total of 14 major Discovery tools (3 open source and 10 proprietary). The evaluation involves a check list of 16 criteria recognized as the advanced features of a modern OPAC. Some of the features have been used in previous research on Discovery tools and the next generation catalog. The authors examined 5 to 7 library websites that deployed a Discovery tool before a determination is made as to the presence or absence of a feature for a particular Discovery tool. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare all the major Discovery tools. These findings will serve to update librarians on the latest development in the library user interface and assist them in their adoption of a Discovery tool.


Author(s):  
Eric Richards

Very large numbers of people began to depart the British Isles for the New Worlds after about 1770. This was a pioneering movement, a rehearsal for modern international migration. This book contends that emigration history is not seamless, that it contains large shifts over time and place, and that the modern scale and velocity of mobility have very particular historical roots. The Isle of Man is an ideal starting point in the quest for the engines and mechanisms of emigration, and a particular version of the widespread surge in British emigration in the 1820s. West Sussex was much closer to the centres of the expansionary economy in the new age. North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. Landlocked Shropshire experienced some of the earliest phases of British industrialisation, notably in the Ironbridge/Coalbrookdale district, deep inland on the River Severn. The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. In West Cork and North Tipperary, there was clear evidence of the great structural changes that shook the foundations of these rural societies. The book also discusses the sequences and effects of migration in Wales, Swaledale, Cornwall, Kent, London, and Scottish Highlands. It also deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The common historical understanding is that the pre-industrial population of the British Isles had been held back by Malthusian checks.


Author(s):  
Haris Papoulias

RESUMENEl propósito de este ensayo es discutir sobre la posibilidad de desarroyo de una ontología de la imagen a partir de las premisas teóricas del Sistema del Saber hegeliano, mostrando también su relevancia en el debate contemporáneo de los visual studies o de la Bildkritik.PALABRAS CLAVESHEGEL, IMAGEN, ROMANTICISMO, ARTE ABSTRACTO, ESPIRITU SUBJETIVO, ICONOCLASTIA ENDOGENAABSTRACTThe aim of this essay is to argument the possibility to develop an Ontology of Image, taking as a starting-point the theoretical premises of the Hegelian System of Knowledge and by doing so to show its actuality in the contemporary debate of visual studies or of Bildkritik.KEY WORDSHEGEL, IMAGE, ROMANTICISM, ABSTRACT ART,SUBJECTIVE SPIRIT, ENDOGENUS ICONOCLASM


2021 ◽  
Vol 855 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
P Huovila ◽  
U Iyer-Raniga

Abstract Established in 2015, the One Planet Sustainable Buildings and Construction (SBC) Programme has studied the state of play for circular built environment in different regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East, North America and Oceania. One aspect of this study has been assessment for circularity using the 2030 Agenda indicators. This paper describes how nature’s resources are used in buildings to provide more comfortable and healthier spaces while generating less waste and emissions with the aim to change linear processes to circular, thereby increasing resource efficiency and reducing waste and emissions, while also providing local jobs. A set of core indicators have been selected to assess the circularity at global and regional levels. It is intended that the indicators selected for SBC become a starting point for prioritising the built environment sector to embrace circularity principles and practices.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document