scholarly journals Do predators prefer toxic animals? A case of chemical discrimination by an asian snake that sequesters firefly toxins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaya Fukuda ◽  
Rinako Ujiie ◽  
Takato Inoue ◽  
Qin Chen ◽  
Chengquan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Cue ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Chemical Discrimination ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Tongue Flicking

Abstract Several Asian natricine snakes of the genus Rhabdophis feed on toads and sequester steroidal cardiac toxins known as bufadienolides (BDs) from them. A recent study revealed that species of the R. nuchalis Group ingest lampyrine fireflies to sequester BDs. Although several species of fireflies are distributed in the habitat of the R. nuchalis Group, only lampyrine fireflies, which have BDs, included in the diet of these snakes. Thus, we hypothesized that the R. nuchalis Group chemically distinguishes fireflies that have BDs from those that do not have BDs. We also predicted that the R. nuchalis Group detects BDs as the chemical cue of toxin source. To test these predictions, we conducted three behavioral experiments using R. chiwen, which belongs to the R. nuchalis Group. In the first experiment, R. chiwen showed a moderate tongue flicking response to cinobufagin, a compound of BDs. On the other hand, the snake showed a higher response to the chemical stimuli of lampyrine fireflies (BD fireflies) than those of lucioline fireflies (non-BD fireflies). In the second experiment, in which we provided live BD and non-BD fireflies, the snake voluntarily consumed only the former. In the third, a Y-maze experiment, the snake tended to select the chemical trail of BD fireflies more frequently than that of non-BD fireflies. These results demonstrated that R. chiwen discriminates BD fireflies from non-BD fireflies, but the prediction that BDs are involved in this discrimination was not fully supported. To identify the proximate mechanisms of the recognition of novel toxic prey in the R. nuchalis Group, further investigation is necessary.

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE DOE WEIGHT ON HER REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENY

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ebrahim Ahmed ◽  
Hussain Yawr Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand

Thirty-six local dose have been used and were divided in to three groups sacording to weight, in each group twelve dose. In the first group the weights of the dose were higher than ( 2.5 kgs) and less than (3 kgs). The second groups was higher than 3 kgs) and less than (3.5 kgs). The third group was higher than (3.5 kgs) and less than (4 kgs). The aim of this study was to obtain the effect of doe weight on her reproductive efficiency (gestation period, litter size, litter weight at birth and weaning, growth rate of offspring preweaning, conception rate and preweaning mortility).  The weight of the doe had no significant effect upon the gestation period and this period was 30.9, 31.2, 31.3 days for the three groups respectively, on the other hand the litter size was affected significantly by doe weight and litter size was at birth and preaweaning (5.1 , 5.8 and 6.2), (4.5, 5.3 and 5.7) for the three groups respectively. The offspring weight at birth and weaning was affected significantly by doe weight and this weight was (40.1 , 48.2 and 53.3 gms), (203.6, 227.5 and 233.8 gms) for the three groups respectively while the conception rate was not affected by doe weight. The mortility percentage in the prewaning period was not significantly by doe weight

scholarly journals Euripidés Médeiájának magyar fordításairól

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anikó Polgár
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Textual Strategies

This study is dealing with two Hungarian translations of Euripides’ Medea. The translation made by Grácia Kerényi was produced in the second half of the 20th century, whereas the version by Zsuzsa Rakovszky was published at the beginning of the 21st. The difference between the translations regarding their textual strategies, the professional background of the translators and the final goal of the works is abysmal. Grácia Kerényi was an expert of ancient literatures, her translation was published in the official and renowned collection of Euripides’ work, Zsuzsa Rakovszky on the other hand translates predominantly from English, and her version was inspired by the request of the theatre. The study contains three parts: in the first the author analyses Kerényi’s Medea in the context of the philological reconstruction, in the second, the author examines the same text modified and revised by Fruzsina Magyar, who was the dramatic advisor of the theatre performance in Szolnok, and the third part reflects on the problems of validity, poetical force and immediacy in the translation of Zsuzsa Rakovszky.

The Third Place Game

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
Netanel Nissim ◽  
Aner Sela
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strong Player ◽  
All Pay Auction ◽  
Total Effort

We study an elimination tournament with four contestants, each of whom has either a high value of winning (a strong player) or a low value of winning (a weak player) and these values are common knowledge. Each pairwise match is modeled as an all-pay auction. The winners of the first stage (semifinal) compete in the second stage (final) for the first prize, while the losers of the first stage compete for the third prize. We examine whether or not the game for the third prize is profitable for the designer who wishes to maximize the total effort of the players. We demonstrate that if the players are asymmetric and there are at least two strong players, then there is always a seeding of the players such that the third place game is not profitable. On the other hand, if there are at least two weak players, then there is always a seeding of the players such that the third place game is profitable.

scholarly journals Effect of wide spectrum anti-helminthic drugs upon Schistosoma mansoni experimentally infected mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Finardi PANCERA ◽  
Adriana Leal ALVES ◽  
Maria Aparecida PASCHOALOTTI ◽  
Pedro Paulo CHIEFFI
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Evolution Period

Mebendazole, albendazole, levamisole and thiabendazole are well known as active drugs against several nematode species, and against cestodes as well, when the first two drugs are considered. None of the drugs have proven activity, however, against trematodes. We tested the effect of these drugs on the fecal shedding of schistosome eggs and the recovering of adult schistosomes, after portal perfusion in Schistosoma mansoni experimentally infected mice. Balb/c mice infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae were divided into three groups, each in turn subdivided into four other groups, for each tested drug. The first group was treated with each one of the studied drugs 25 days after S. mansoni infection; the second group was submitted to treatment with each one of the drugs 60 days after infection. Finally, the third group, considered as control, received no treatment. No effect upon fecal shedding of S. mansoni eggs and recovering of schistosomes after portal perfusion was observed when mice were treated with either mebendazole or albendazole. Mice treated with either levamisole or thiabendazole, on the other hand, showed a significant reduction in the recovering of adult schistosomes after portal perfusion, mainly when both drugs were given during the schistosomula evolution period, i.e., 25 days after cercariae penetration, probably due to unspecific immunomodulation

scholarly journals PLASTICS MADE FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES – POTENTIAL AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE OF THE THIRD MILLENIUM

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cioica ◽  
C. Cota ◽  
Mihaela Nagy ◽  
G. Fodorean
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
The One ◽  
Agricultural Materials

Bioplastics constitute a great opportunity for agriculture, industry and environment. On the one hand, the basic raw material used to fabricate bioplastics is made from renewable agricultural materials, on the other hand, bioplastics have a wide application as packaging and protections in the food and non-food industry as catering products as protection films and foils and as compostable items in agriculture. Also very important is that after achieving the purpose for which they are produced, bioplastics become waste and their cycle is closed as they can be used as compost for agriculture.

scholarly journals Deontic Logics as Axiomatic Extensions of First-Order Predicate Logic: An Approach Inspired by Wolniewicz’s Formal Ontology of Situations

Axioms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malec
Keyword(s):  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Formal Ontology ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
First Order Predicate Logic

The aim of this article is to present a method of creating deontic logics as axiomatic theories built on first-order predicate logic with identity. In the article, these theories are constructed as theories of legal events or as theories of acts. Legal events are understood as sequences (strings) of elementary situations in Wolniewicz′s sense. On the other hand, acts are understood as two-element legal events: the first element of a sequence is a choice situation (a situation that will be changed by an act), and the second element of this sequence is a chosen situation (a situation that arises as a result of that act). In this approach, legal rules (i.e., orders, bans, permits) are treated as sets of legal events. The article presents four deontic systems for legal events: AEP, AEPF, AEPOF, AEPOFI. In the first system, all legal events are permitted; in the second, they are permitted or forbidden; in the third, they are permitted, ordered or forbidden; and in the fourth, they are permitted, ordered, forbidden or irrelevant. Then, we present a deontic logic for acts (AAPOF), in which every act is permitted, ordered or forbidden. The theorems of this logic reflect deontic relations between acts as well as between acts and their parts. The direct inspiration to develop the approach presented in the article was the book Ontology of Situations by Boguslaw Wolniewicz, and indirectly, Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Blackout: How Long, O Lord, How Long?

2012 ◽  
pp. 419-440
Author(s):  
Maurice N. Eisendrath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
War Effort ◽  
British Commonwealth ◽  
One Year

This chapter presents a sermon by Maurice N. Eisendrath, delivered on the third Rosh Hashanah of the war. The situation of Canadian rabbis was precariously positioned between those of American preachers to the south and British preachers to the east. Canada, as part of the British Commonwealth, had long been part of the war effort, so the debate over whether or not to enter the war was not an issue, as it still was for colleagues in the United States. On the other hand, Canada was not directly affected by the war as was Britain, where one year earlier London had suffered a sustained air attack unprecedented in its devastation (a situation that certainly affected the mood in Toronto on the previous Rosh Hashanah, as the preacher reminds his listeners). Now, although the battles on the recently opened Eastern Front were of almost unimaginable ferocity, to many Canadians the war seemed distant; life at home seemed almost normal, as it did to many in the United States. This was precisely the mindset that Eisendrath set out to censure.

The Ambivalent Ralliement of La Croix

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Oscar Arnal
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Policy ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dreyfus Affair ◽  
The Impact

Beyond a doubt, the newspaper La Croix and its publisher, the Maison de la Bonne Presse, have played a central role in French Catholic journalism for over thirty years. Indeed, it was the leading Catholic press voice of the Third Republic from the Dreyfus Affair to the fall of France. No newspaper of Catholic inspiration could seriously contest its circulation dominance, with the possible exception of the Breton Christian Democratic L'Ouest-Eclair. However, the impact of this latter daily was limited to western France, and by the time it outdistanced La Croix's circulation, it had largely abandoned its Catholic or Christian character. La Croix, on the other hand, was known and read throughout France and remained forthrightly Catholic throughout the life of the Third Republic. Its editorial policy was openly papal, and it sought consciously to be the organ of the French Catholic masses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document