Faecal Proteases from Pouchitis Patients Activate Protease Activating Receptor-2 to Disrupt the Epithelial Barrier

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1558-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarit Hoffman ◽  
Nathaniel Aviv Cohen ◽  
Ian M Carroll ◽  
Hagit Tulchinsky ◽  
Ilya Borovok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Epithelial Permeability ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Activating Receptor ◽  
Junction Proteins

Abstract Background and Aims The pathogenesis of pouch inflammation may involve epithelial barrier disruption. We investigated whether faecal proteolytic activity is increased during pouchitis and results in epithelial barrier dysfunction through protease activating receptor [PAR] activation, and assessed whether the intestinal microbiome may be the source of the proteases. Methods Faecal samples were measured for protease activity using a fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-casein florescence assay. Caco-2 cell monolayers were exposed to faecal supernatants to assess permeability to FITC-dextran. Tight junction protein integrity and PAR activation were assessed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. A truncated PAR2 protein in Caco-2 cells was achieved by stable transfection using CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid. PAR2 activation in pouch biopsies was examined using antibodies directed to the N-terminus of the protein. Microbial composition was analysed based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Results Ten pouchitis patients, six normal pouch [NP] patients and nine healthy controls [HC] were recruited. The pouchitis patients exhibited a 5.19- and 5.35-fold higher faecal protease [FP] activity [p ≤ 0.05] compared to the NP and HC participants, respectively. The genus Haemophilus was positively associated with FP activity [R = 0.718, false discovery rate < 0.1]. Faecal supernatants from pouchitis patients activated PAR2 on Caco-2 monolayers, disrupted tight junction proteins and increased epithelial permeability. PAR2 truncation in Caco-2 abrogated faecal protease-mediated permeability. Pouch biopsies obtained from pouchitis patients, but not from NP patients, displayed PAR2 activation. Conclusions Protease-producing bacteria may increase faecal proteolytic activity that results in pouch inflammation through disruption of tight junction proteins and increased epithelial permeability in a PAR2-dependent manner. This mechanism may initiate or propagate pouch inflammation.

scholarly journals Role of Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR) in Cancer Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kohno ◽  
Takumi Konno ◽  
Takashi Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Junction Proteins

Maintaining a robust epithelial barrier requires the accumulation of tight junction proteins, LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin, at the tricellular contacts. Alterations in the localization of these proteins temporarily cause epithelial barrier dysfunction, which is closely associated with not only physiological differentiation but also cancer progression and metastasis. In normal human endometrial tissues, the endometrial cells undergo repeated proliferation and differentiation under physiological conditions. Recent observations have revealed that the localization and expression of LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin are altered in a menstrual cycle-dependent manner. Moreover, it has been shown that endometrial cancer progression affects these alterations. This review highlights the differences in the localization and expression of tight junction proteins in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancers and how they cause functional changes in cells.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by unconjugated bilirubin

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukun Zhou ◽  
Huanlong Qin ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Tongyi Shen ◽  
Hongqi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Unconjugated Bilirubin ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Junction Proteins

Although a large number of in vitro and in vivo tests have confirmed that taking probiotics can improve the intestinal barrier, few studies have focused on the relationship between probiotics and the intestinal epithelial barrier in hyperbilirubinaemia. To investigate the effects of and mechanisms associated with probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum; LP) and unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) on the intestinal epithelial barrier, we measured the viability, apoptotic ratio and protein kinase C (PKC) activity of Caco-2 cells. We also determined the distribution and expression of tight junction proteins such as occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, claudin-1, claudin-4, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-1 and F-actin using confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR. The present study demonstrated that high concentrations of UCB caused obvious cytotoxicity and decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Low concentrations of UCB inhibited the expression of tight junction proteins and PKC but could induce UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1 family-polypeptide A1 (UGT1A1) expression. UCB alone caused decreased PKC activity, serine phosphorylated occludin and ZO-1 levels. After treatment with LP, the effects of UCB on TER and apoptosis were mitigated; LP also prevented aberrant expression and rearrangement of tight junction proteins. Moreover, PKC activity and serine phosphorylated tight junction protein levels were partially restored after treatment with LP, LP exerted a protective effect against UCB damage to Caco-2 monolayer cells, and it restored the structure and distribution of tight junction proteins by activating the PKC pathway. In addition, UGT1A1 expression induced by UCB in Caco-2 cells could ameliorate the cytotoxicity of UCB.

scholarly journals Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Tricellulin Is Targeted by the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Effector EspG1, Leading to Epithelial Barrier Disruption

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Morampudi ◽  
Franziska A. Graef ◽  
Martin Stahl ◽  
Udit Dalwadi ◽  
Victoria S. Conlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Junction Proteins

ABSTRACT Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)-induced diarrhea is often associated with disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions. Although studies have shown alterations in the expression and localization of bicellular tight junction proteins during EPEC infections, little is known about whether tricellular tight junction proteins (tTJs) are affected. Using Caco-2 cell monolayers, we investigated if EPEC is capable of targeting the tTJ protein tricellulin. Our results demonstrated that at 4 h postinfection, EPEC induced a significant reduction in tricellulin levels, accompanied by a significant loss of transepithelial resistance (TEER) and a corresponding increase in paracellular permeability. Conversely, cells overexpressing tricellulin were highly resistant to EPEC-induced barrier disruption. Confocal microscopy revealed the distribution of tricellulin into the plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells and confirmed the localization of EPEC aggregates in close proximity to tTJs. Moreover, infections with EPEC strains lacking genes encoding specific type III secreted effector proteins demonstrated a crucial role for the effector EspG1 in modulating tricellulin expression. Complementation studies suggest that the EspG-induced depletion of tricellulin is microtubule dependent. Overall, our results show that EPEC-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction is mediated in part by EspG1-induced microtubule-dependent depletion of tricellulin.

scholarly journals Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Diarrhea in Weaned Piglets and Promotes Tight Junction Protein Expression in Colon in a GPR109A-Dependent Manner

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1617-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqian Feng ◽  
Yancheng Wu ◽  
Guangxin Chen ◽  
Shoupeng Fu ◽  
Bai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Junction Proteins

Background/Aims: Butyric acid plays an important role in maintaining intestinal health. Butyric acid has received special attention as a short-chain fatty acid, but its role in protecting the intestinal barrier is poorly characterized. Butyric acid not only provides energy for epithelial cells but also acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor; it is also a natural ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A). A GPR109A analog was expressed in Sus scrofa and mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of beta-hydroxybutyric acid. This study investigated the effects of butyrate on growth performance, diarrhea symptoms, and tight junction protein levels in 21-day-old weaned piglets. We also studied the mechanism by which butyric acid regulates intestinal permeability. Methods: Twenty-four piglets that had been weaned at an age of 21 days were divided randomly into 2 equal groups: basal diet group and sodium butyrate + basal diet group. Diarrhea rate, growth performance during 3 weeks of feeding on these diets were observed, the lactulose-mannitol ratio in urine were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, the expression levels of tight junction proteins in the intestinal tract and related signaling molecules, such as GPR109A and Akt, in the colon were examined by quantitative real-time PCR or western blot analyses on day 21. Caco-2 cells were used as a colon cell model and cultured with or without sodium butyrate to assess the expression of tight junction proteins and the activation of related signaling molecules. GPR109A-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and specific antagonists of Akt and ERK1/2 were used as signaling pathway inhibitors to elucidate the mechanism by which butyric acid regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and the colonic epithelial barrier. Results: The sodium butyrate diet alleviated diarrhea symptoms and decreased intestinal permeability without affecting the growth of early weaned piglets. The expression levels of the tight junction proteins Claudin-3, Occludin, and zonula occludens 1 were up-regulated by sodium butyrate in the colon and Caco-2 cells. GPR109A knockdown using shRNA or blockade of the Akt signaling pathway in Caco-2 cells suppressed sodium butyrate-induced Claudin-3 expression. Conclusions: Sodium butyrate acts on the Akt signaling pathway to facilitate Claudin-3 expression in the colon in a GPR109A-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Betaine attenuates LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restores intestinal barrier function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingtao Wu ◽  
Caimei He ◽  
Jie Bu ◽  
Yue Luo ◽  
Shuyuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Junction Proteins

Abstract Background: The intestinal epithelial barrier, which works as the first line of defense between the intestinal environment and the parasitifer, once destroyed, it will cause serious inflammation or other intestinal diseases. Tight junctions (TJs) play a vital role to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the most important inflammatory factors will downregulate specific TJ proteins including Occludin and Claudin-1 and impair integrity of the epithelial barrier. Betaine (Bet) has excellent anti-inflammatory activity but whether Bet has any effect on tight junction proteins, particularly on LPS-induced dysfunction of epithelial barriers remains unknown. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as an in vitro model, the purpose of this study is to explore the pharmacological effect of Bet on improving intestinal barrier function represented by TJ proteins.Results: The results demonstrated that Bet enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins while LPS（ 1μg /m L）downregulates the expression of these proteins. Furthermore, Bet attenuates LPS-induced decreases of tight junction proteins both shown by WB and RT-PCR. The immunofluorescent images consistently revealed that LPS induced the disruption of tight junction protein Claudin-1 and reduced its expression while Bet could reverse these alterations. Similar protective role of Bet on intestinal barrier function was observed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) approach. Conclusion: In conclusion, our research demonstrated that Bet attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restored the intestinal barrier function.

Digestion of epithelial tight junction proteins by the commensal Clostridium perfringens

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (10) ◽  
pp. G740-G748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Pruteanu ◽  
Fergus Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Epithelial Tight Junction ◽  
Junction Proteins ◽  
E Cadherin

The enteric microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but the pathways involved and bacterial participants may vary in different hosts. We previously reported that some components of the human commensal microbiota, particularly Clostridium perfringens ( C. perfringens), have the proteolytic capacity for host matrix degradation and reduce transepithelial resistance. Here, we examined the C. perfringens-derived proteolytic activity against epithelial tight junction proteins using human intestinal epithelial cell lines. We showed that the protein levels of E-cadherin, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecule 1 decrease in colonic cells treated with C. perfringens culture supernatant. E-cadherin ectodomain shedding in C. perfringens-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells was detected with antibodies against the extracellular domain of E-cadherin, and we demonstrate that this process occurs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, we showed that the filtered sterile culture supernatant of C. perfringens has no cytotoxic activity on the human intestinal cells at the concentrations used in this study. The direct cleavage of E-cadherin by the proteases from the C. perfringens culture supernatant was confirmed by C. perfringens supernatant-induced in vitro degradation of the human recombinant E-cadherin. We conclude that C. perfringens culture supernatant mediates digestion of epithelial cell junctional proteins, which is likely to enable access to the extracellular matrix components by the paracellular pathway.

scholarly journals Regulation of testicular tight junctions by gonadotrophins in the adult Djungarian hamster in vivo

Reproduction ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard A Tarulli ◽  
Sarah J Meachem ◽  
Stefan Schlatt ◽  
Peter G Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Tight Junction Protein ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Djungarian Hamster ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Protein Localisation ◽  
Junction Proteins

This study aimed to assess the effect of gonadotrophin suppression and FSH replacement on testicular tight junction dynamics and blood–testis barrier (BTB) organisation in vivo, utilising the seasonal breeding Djungarian hamster. Confocal immunohistology was used to assess the cellular organisation of tight junction proteins and real-time PCR to quantify tight junction mRNA. The effect of tight junction protein organisation on the BTB permeability was also investigated using a biotin-linked tracer. Tight junction protein (claudin-3, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A and occludin) localisation was present but disorganised after gonadotrophin suppression, while mRNA levels (claudin-11, claudin-3 and occludin) were significantly (two- to threefold) increased. By contrast, both protein localisation and mRNA levels for the adaptor protein zona occludens-1 decreased after gonadotrophin suppression. FSH replacement induced a rapid reorganisation of tight junction protein localisation. The functionality of the BTB (as inferred by biotin tracer permeation) was found to be strongly associated with the organisation and localisation of claudin-11. Surprisingly, JAM-A was also recognised on spermatogonia, suggesting an additional novel role for this protein in trans-epithelial migration of germ cells across the BTB. It is concluded that gonadotrophin regulation of tight junction proteins forming the BTB occurs primarily at the level of protein organisation and not gene transcription in this species, and that immunolocalisation of the organised tight junction protein claudin-11 correlates with BTB functionality.

scholarly journals Dietary l-Tryptophan Supplementation Enhances the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Weaned Piglets: Implication of Tryptophan-Metabolizing Microbiota

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiwei Liang ◽  
Zhaolai Dai ◽  
Jiao Kou ◽  
Kaiji Sun ◽  
Jingqing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Intestinal Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Junction Proteins

l-Tryptophan (Trp) is known to play an important role in the health of the large intestine. However, a role of dietary Trp in the small-intestinal mucosal barrier and microbiota remains poorly understood. The present study was conducted with weaned piglets to address this issue. Postweaning piglets were fed for 4 weeks a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% Trp. The small-intestinal microbiota and serum amino acids were analyzed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing methods and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The mRNA levels for genes involved in host defense and the abundances of tight-junction proteins in jejunum and duodenum were measured by real time-PCR and Western blot techniques, respectively. The concentrations of Trp in the serum of Trp-supplemented piglets increased in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.2–0.4% Trp reduced the abundances of Clostridium sensu stricto and Streptococcus in the jejunum, increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and Clostridium XI (two species of bacteria that can metabolize Trp) in the jejunum, and augmented the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as well as mRNA levels for porcine β-defensins 2 and 3 in jejunal tissues. Moreover, dietary Trp supplementation activated the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and increased the abundances of tight-junction proteins (zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-3, and claudin-1) in jejunum and duodenum. We suggested that Trp-metabolizing bacteria in the small intestine of weaned pigs primarily mediated the beneficial effects of dietary Trp on its mucosal integrity, health, and function.

scholarly journals The role of zinc deficiency in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. G625-G633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhong ◽  
Craig J. McClain ◽  
Matthew Cave ◽  
Y. James Kang ◽  
Zhanxiang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Junction Proteins

Disruption of the intestinal barrier is a causal factor in the development of alcoholic endotoxemia and hepatitis. This study was undertaken to determine whether zinc deficiency is related to the deleterious effects of alcohol on the intestinal barrier. Mice were pair fed an alcohol or isocaloric liquid diet for 4 wk, and hepatitis was detected in association with elevated blood endotoxin level. Alcohol exposure significantly increased the permeability of the ileum but did not affect the barrier function of the duodenum or jejunum. Reduction of tight-junction proteins at the ileal epithelium was detected in alcohol-fed mice although alcohol exposure did not cause apparent histopathological changes. Alcohol exposure significantly reduced the ileal zinc concentration in association with accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Caco-2 cell culture demonstrated that alcohol exposure increases the intracellular free zinc because of oxidative stress. Zinc deprivation caused epithelial barrier disruption in association with disassembling of tight junction proteins in the Caco-2 monolayer cells. Furthermore, minor zinc deprivation exaggerated the deleterious effect of alcohol on the epithelial barrier. In conclusion, epithelial barrier dysfunction in the distal small intestine plays an important role in alcohol-induced gut leakiness, and zinc deficiency attributable to oxidative stress may interfere with the intestinal barrier function by a direct action on tight junction proteins or by sensitizing to the effects of alcohol.

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