Chronology of Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Infestations on Urban Trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi M Backe ◽  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Impervious Surface Cover ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Tree Condition

Abstract Pest abundance on urban trees often increases with surrounding impervious surface. Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa Comstock; Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a pest of red maples (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in the southeast United States, reaches injurious levels in cities and reduces tree condition. Here, we use a chronosequence field study in Raleigh, NC, to investigate patterns in gloomy scale densities over time from the nursery to 13 yr after tree planting, with a goal of informing more efficient management of gloomy scale on urban trees. We examine how impervious surfaces affect the progression of infestations and how infestations affect tree condition. We find that gloomy scale densities remain low on trees until at least seven seasons after tree planting, providing a key timepoint for starting scouting efforts. Scouting should focus on tree branches, not tree trunks. Scale density on tree branches increases with impervious surface across the entire studied tree age range and increases faster on individual trees that are planted in areas with high impervious surface cover. There is a lag between the onset of pest infestations and a decline in tree condition, indicating that gloomy scale management should begin prior to a visible decline in tree condition. Our results inform management of gloomy scale in cities.

scholarly journals Forecasting the Effects of Heat and Pests on Urban Trees: Impervious Surface Thresholds and the ‘Pace-to-Plant’ Technique

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Dale ◽  
Elsa Youngsteadt ◽  
Steven Frank
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Impervious Surface Cover ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Tree Condition

Trees provide ecosystem services that benefit humans and the environment. Unfortunately, urban trees often do not provide maximum services due to abiotic stress and arthropod herbivores and borers. These problems often originate from trees being planted in unsuitable conditions. Cities are warmer than natural areas because impervious surfaces absorb and reradiate heat. Higher temperatures can increase pest insect abundance and water stress, and reduce street tree condition relative to natural forests. For example, the gloomy scale insect [Melanaspsis tenebricosa Comstock (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)], a pest of red maple (Acer rubrum) street trees, is more abundant in warmer than cooler urban sites. Acer rubrum, at warmer urban sites with more M. tenebricosa, are typically in poor condition. Here, researchers demonstrate these relationships and illustrate how impervious surface cover can be used to predict the condition of A. rubrum street trees. impervious surface thresholds were then developed to define suitable planting sites that can be used by individuals with access to GIS software. Researchers present the pace-to-plant technique, which can be used by landscape professionals to quickly estimate impervious surface cover around a planting site. These thresholds predict future tree condition based on planting site impervious surface cover. The hope is that more informed planting will minimize pest infestations and maximize the future vigor and performance of street trees.

Impervious Surface Thresholds and the Pace to Plant Technique for Planting Urban Red Maple Trees

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Dale ◽  
Steven D. Frank ◽  
Elsa Youngsteadt ◽  
Barbara Fair ◽  
Julieta Sherk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Tree Stress ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tree Condition

A foundation of integrated pest management (IPM) in urban landscapes is to put the right plant in the right place. This preventive tactic can reduce plant stress, pest infestations, and subsequent pesticide applications. Many urban tree species have more insect and mite pests in urban landscapes than in surrounding natural areas. This is due in part to stress created by impervious surfaces, such as roads and sidewalks that can increase air temperature and reduce soil moisture. For red maples (Acer rubrum), more impervious surface area leads to more stress and worse tree condition. This publication focuses on selecting red maple planting sites that will help reduce tree stress and scale insect pests by maximizing surfaces permeable to water.

scholarly journals The politics of urban trees: Tree planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 102387
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Donovan ◽  
Jeffrey P. Prestemon ◽  
David T. Butry ◽  
Abigail R. Kaminski ◽  
Vicente J. Monleon
Keyword(s):  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Planting

scholarly journals Fidelity and Timing of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Attack Patterns on Ornamental Trees in the Suburban Landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1427-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J Mason ◽  
Brian Walsh ◽  
Joseph Keller ◽  
John J Couture ◽  
Dennis Calvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Ornamental Trees

Abstract Invasive herbivores can have dramatic impacts in new environments by altering landscape composition, displacing natives, and causing plant decline and mortality. One of the most recent invasive insects in the United States, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), has the potential to cause substantial economic and environmental impacts in agriculture and forestry. Spotted lanternfly exhibits a broad host range, yet reports of late-season movement from the surrounding landscapes onto select tree species in suburban environments have been reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fidelity of spotted lanternfly attack on specific, individual trees within the same species during this movement period. In 2018 and 2019, we observed that individual red (Acer rubrum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) trees were preferentially attacked over other nearby trees of the same species. Foliar elemental composition was a good predictor of spotted lanternfly attack numbers, indicating that individual variation in nutrients may influence spotted lanternfly attraction to and/or retention on maple trees. Our data also confirm reports of late-season movement from surrounding landscapes throughout autumn. Collectively, our results show that spotted lanternfly exhibits some fidelity to particular trees in the landscape during this movement period. While other potential mechanisms also contribute to host plant selection by spotted lanternfly, our data show that host nutritional profiles influence spotted lanternfly infestation of suburban trees at the landscape scale. Our data establish that late-season infestations of suburban trees by spotted lanternfly occurred and that variation in host quality should be further considered in the management of this invasive insect pest.

scholarly journals Trees and their seed networks: the social dynamics of urban fruit trees and implications for genetic diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurore Rimlinger ◽  
Marie-Louise Avana ◽  
Abdon Awono ◽  
Armel Chakocha ◽  
Alexis Gakwavu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

AbstractTrees are a traditional component of urban spaces where they provide ecosystem services critical to urban wellbeing. In the Tropics, urban trees’ seed origins have rarely been characterized. Yet, understanding the social dynamics linked to tree planting is critical given their influence on the distribution of associated genetic diversity. This study examines elements of these dynamics (seed exchange networks) in an emblematic indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa, the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), within the urban context of Yaoundé. We further evaluate the consequences of these social dynamics on the distribution of the genetic diversity of the species in the city. Urban trees were planted predominantly using seeds sourced from outside the city, resulting in a level of genetic diversity as high in Yaoundé as in a whole region of production of the species. Debating the different drivers that foster the genetic diversity in planted urban trees, the study argued that cities and urban dwellers can unconsciously act as effective guardians of indigenous tree genetic diversity.

scholarly journals THE IQMULUS URBAN SHOWCASE: AUTOMATIC TREE CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION IN HUGE MOBILE MAPPING POINT CLOUDS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 301-307
Author(s):  
J. Böhm ◽  
M. Bredif ◽  
T. Gierlinger ◽  
M. Krämer ◽  
R. Lindenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Mobile Mapping ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Hadoop Distributed File System ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Mapping Point

Current 3D data capturing as implemented on for example airborne or mobile laser scanning systems is able to efficiently sample the surface of a city by billions of unselective points during one working day. What is still difficult is to extract and visualize meaningful information hidden in these point clouds with the same efficiency. This is where the FP7 IQmulus project enters the scene. IQmulus is an interactive facility for processing and visualizing big spatial data. In this study the potential of IQmulus is demonstrated on a laser mobile mapping point cloud of 1 billion points sampling ~ 10 km of street environment in Toulouse, France. After the data is uploaded to the IQmulus Hadoop Distributed File System, a workflow is defined by the user consisting of retiling the data followed by a PCA driven local dimensionality analysis, which runs efficiently on the IQmulus cloud facility using a Spark implementation. Points scattering in 3 directions are clustered in the tree class, and are separated next into individual trees. Five hours of processing at the 12 node computing cluster results in the automatic identification of 4000+ urban trees. Visualization of the results in the IQmulus fat client helps users to appreciate the results, and developers to identify remaining flaws in the processing workflow.

scholarly journals A tree-planting decision support tool for urban heat island mitigation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoey Werbin ◽  
Leila Heidari ◽  
Sarabeth Buckley ◽  
Paige Brochu ◽  
Lindsey Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Urban Heat

AbstractHeat poses an urgent threat to public health in cities, as the urban heat island (UHI) effect can amplify exposures, contributing to high heat-related mortality and morbidity. Urban trees have the potential to mitigate by providing substantial cooling, as well as co-benefits such as reductions in energy consumption. The City of Boston has attempted to expand its urban canopy, yet maintenance costs and high tree mortality have hindered successful canopy expansion. Here, we present an interactive web application called “Right Place, Right Tree - Boston” that aims to support informed decision-making for planting new trees. To highlight priority regions for canopy expansion, we developed a Boston-specific Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) and present this alongside maps of summer temperatures. We also provide information about tree pests and diseases, suitability of species for various conditions, land ownership, maintenance tips, and alternatives to tree planting.

scholarly journals Tree Ordinances as Public Policy and Participation Tools: Development in Alabama

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Yaoqi Zhang ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
Brenda Allen ◽  
Neil Letson ◽  
Jeff Sibley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Tree Protection

Following a brief overview of the historical evolution of tree ordinances in the United States, this paper focuses on the development of tree ordinances in the state of Alabama to demonstrate how the tree ordinances evolve into law and the role such ordinances have on urban trees. Even though tree ordinances have a long history in the United States, they have been rapidly developing since the 1970s. Among the 100 municipalities that have some type of tree ordinance in Alabama, based on this investigation, the major responsibilities of tree ordinances include: having a tree commission (board), defining tree planting, removal and replacement of trees on public land, public tree protection and care, tree species selection, and dead tree removal on public and private property. Considering the broadness and complexity of urban trees, this paper indicates tree ordinances provide not only a legal framework, but also an effective tool to engage public participation and awareness of urban trees in the process of formulating, implementing, and amending of the tree ordinances. Development of tree ordinances requires government support, citizen participation, and consideration of local resources.

scholarly journals Mutual Influences of Urban Microclimate and Urban Trees: An Investigation of Phenology and Cooling Capacity

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Celina H. Stanley ◽  
Carola Helletsgruber ◽  
Angela Hof
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Suitable Measure

This paper presents an empirical study on urban tree growth and regulating ecosystem services along an urban heat island (UHI) intensity gradient. The UHI effect on the length of the growing season and the association of cooling and shading with species, age, and size of trees was studied in Salzburg, Austria. Results show that areas with a low UHI intensity differed from areas with a medium or high UHI intensity significantly in three points: their bud break began later, the leaf discoloration took longer, and the growing season was shorter. After leaves have developed, trees cool the surface throughout the whole growing season by casting shadows. On average, the surfaces in the crown shade were 12.2 °C cooler than those in the sun. The tree characteristics had different effects on the cooling performance. In addition to tree height and trunk circumference, age was especially closely related to surface cooling. If a tree’s cooling capacity is to be estimated, tree age is the most suitable measure, also with respect to its assessment effort. Practitioners are advised to consider the different UHI intensities when maintaining or enhancing public greenery. The cooling capacity of tall, old trees is needed especially in areas with a high UHI intensity. In the future, species differences should be examined to determine the best adapted species for the different UHI intensities. The present results can be the basis for modeling future mutual influences of microclimate and urban trees.

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