Animals and the prehistoric origins of economic development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ideen A Riahi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Genetic Variation ◽  
Comparative Development ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
European Colonization

Abstract This paper revisits the macro-level relationship between human genetic variation (genetic distance and diversity) and economic development. If other continents were biogeographically more similar to Eurasia, their populations’ capacities to ward off the adverse effects of European colonization would have been much higher and, thus, their economies considerably more prosperous today. At the continental scale, genetic differences between people do not matter for comparative development.

Involving Study Populations in the Review of Genetic Research

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Sharp ◽  
Morris W. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Human Genetic Variation ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Genetic Disposition ◽  
Group Research

Research on human genetic variation can present collective risks to all members of a socially identifiable group. Research that associates race or ethnicity with a genetic disposition to disease, for example, presents risks of group discrimination and stigmatization. To better protect against these risks, some have proposed supplemental community-based reviews of research on genetic differences between populations. The assumption behind these appeals is that involving members of study populations in the review process can help to identify and minimize collective risks that otherwise could go unnoticed. In contrast to this position, critics have argued that supplemental community-based reviews are unnecessary, impractical, and morally problematic. This paper is our attempt to advance this debate by distinguishing the various goals of community review and the forms that it can take.

scholarly journals EVALUASI KERAGAMAN GENTIK IKAN KALUI (Osphronemus goramy) DARI KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA, SUMATERA BARAT BERDASARKAN MARKA RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHISM DNA (RAPD)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Estu Nugroho ◽  
Azrita Azrita ◽  
Hafrizal Syandri ◽  
Refilza Refilza
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphism Dna

Ikan kalui merupakan nama lokal dari ikan gurami di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat termasuk jenis ikan ekonomis tinggi. Terdapat lima strain ikan kalui yang tersebar di pembudidaya, yaitu Tambago, Palapah, Krista, Jepun, dan Merah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati keragaman genetik strain ikan kalui atau gurami dengan menggunakan penanda RAPD. Sebanyak 50 sampel DNA ikan kalui diekstraksi dari sirip dan diamplifikasi secara random dengan menggunakan empat primer terbaik dari 20 primer OPA yaitu OPA-02, OPA-04, OPA-06, dan OPA-07. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan yang nyata secara genetik hanya terdapat antara strain ikan kalui Merah dengan Tambago dan Krista. Variasi genetik tertinggi diamati pada ikan kalui strain Krista dengan nilai heterogenitas 0,1756 kemudian diikuti berturut-turut oleh strain Merah (0,1735); Palapah (0,1480); Jepun (0,0594); dan Tambago (0,0203). Jarak rata-rata Nei genetik adalah 0,407, dengan nilai terendah yang teramati antara strain Tambago dan Palapah.Kalui is a local name of giant gouramy fish in West Sumatera Province that categorized as an high economically fish. Five strains of kalui are distributed to farmers i.e. Tambago, Palapah, Krista, Jepun and Merah. This research was conducted to observe the genetic variation of Kalui strains using RAPD marker. A total of 50 samples of whole DNA was extracted from kalui-giant gouramy finclip and randomly amplified using four of the best 20 primers (OPA i.e. OPA-02, OPA-04, OPA-06 and OPA-07). The results showed that Significant genetic differences were only observed between strain Merah-Tambago and Merah-Krista. The highest variability was observed in Krista with heterogeneity value of 0.1735 followed by Merah (0,1735), Palapah (0,1480), Jepun (0,0594) and Tambago (0,0203). The average Nei genetic distance was 0.407, with the lowest was observed between Tambago and Palapah.

Revitalizing Difference in the HapMap: Race and Contemporary Human Genetic Variation Research

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Human Genetic Variation ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Human Genome Project

In 2000, researchers from the Human Genome Project (HGP) proclaimed that the initial sequencing of the human genome definitively proved, among other things, that there was no genetic basis for race. The genetic fact that most humans were 99.9% the same at the level of their DNA was widely heralded and circulated in the English-speaking press, especially in the United States. This pronouncement seemed proof that long-term antiracist efforts to de-biologize race were legitimized by scientific findings. Yet, despite the seemingly widespread acceptance of the social construction of race, post-HGP genetic science has seen a substantial shift toward the use of race variables in genetic research and, according to a number of prominent scholars, is re-invoking the specter of earlier forms of racial science in some rather discomfiting ways. During the past seven years, the main thrust of human genetic research, especially in the realm of biomedicine, has shifted from a concern with the 99.9% of the shared genome — what is thought to make humans alike — towards an explicit focus on the 0.1% that constitutes human genetic variation. Here I briefly explore some of the potential implications of the conceptualization and practice of early 21st century genetic variation research, especially as it relates to questions of race.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation Among Colletotrichum graminicola Isolates from Four Hosts Using Isozyme Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Horvath ◽  
J. M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Host Origin ◽  
Serious Disease

Anthracnose basal rot (ABR) is a serious disease of turfgrasses that is caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. The relationships of isolates causing ABR on turfgrasses to those causing disease on important crop hosts (maize, sorghum) remain unresolved. Genetic variation among isolates from annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, maize, and sorghum was evaluated based on host origin and geographic origin. Isozymes were used to estimate the genetic variation of the isolates. Five enzyme systems comprising 16 alleles from 5 loci were used. Allele frequencies, genetic distance, and linkage disequilibrium values were calculated for isolates based on both host and geographic origin. Isolates from creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass were the most closely related based on Nei's genetic distance, while isolates from maize and sorghum were the most distantly related, consistent with their known species-level relationship. Isolates from annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass had different genetic distances to isolates from both maize and sorghum. Annual bluegrass isolates from different geographic regions had the smallest genetic distance values observed in this study, indicating a very close relationship regardless of geographic origin. Based on these data, it appears that host origin, not geographic origin, plays a more important role in the genetic diversity of these fungi.

GENETIC DIVERSITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-432
Author(s):  
R. C. Lewontin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Human Genetic Variation ◽  
Human Species

Only about 7% of all human genetic diversity is between major races. It would appear then that the superficial characters of skin color, hair form, lip, nose, and eye shape that we use to distinguish human races are atypical and do not represent the mode of human genetic variation. The taxonomic division of the human species into races places a completely disproportionate emphasis on a very small fraction of total human genetic diversity.

Habitat differentiation between estuarine and inland Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) as revealed by retrotransposon-based SSAP marker

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Tang ◽  
Lian He ◽  
Feng Peng ◽  
Suhua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Principal Coordinate Analysis ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
Ecological Scale ◽  
Habitat Differentiation

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) is a pantropical coastal tree that extends to the tidal zone. In this study, the retrotransposon sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) technique was used in order to understand the genetic variation between four population pairs of H. tiliaceus from repeated estuarine and inland habitat contrasts in China. The estuarine populations were consistently more genetic variable compared with the inland ones, which may be attributed to extensive gene flow via water-drifted seeds and/or retrotransposon activation in stressful estuarine environments. An AMOVA revealed that 8.9% of the genetic variance could be explained by the habitat divergence within site, as compared with only 4.9% to geographical isolation between sites, which indicates significant habitat differentiation between the estuarine and inland populations. The estuarine populations were less differentiated (ΦST = 0.115) than the inland (ΦST = 0.152) implying frequent gene interchange in the former. Accordingly, the principal coordinate analysis of genetic distance between individuals revealed that genetic relationships are not fully consistent with the geographic association. These results suggest that despite substantial gene flow via sea-drifted seeds, habitat-related divergent selection could be one of the primary mechanisms that drive habitat differentiation in H. tiliaceus at a local ecological scale.

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