Temporary Employment and Family Formation: An Income or Insecurity Effect?

Abstract Recent studies show that temporary workers postpone family formation transitions, but it remains unclear whether this effect is due to the lower income or the stronger perceptions of job insecurity that go with a temporary contract. To address this question, we link data from a large-scale survey among Dutch employees to longitudinal population register data on marriage and first births. Logistic regression models estimate the effects of temporary employment on marriage and first birth, and mediation analyses assess to what extent these effects are explained by income and perceptions of job insecurity. Results show that temporarily employed women delay first birth. There is also some evidence that temporarily employed men postpone marriage and first birth. These effects are partly explained by income, which increases marriage and first birth rates among men and women alike. Perceptions of job insecurity generally had little effect on family formation, although higher marriage rates were found among women who experienced affective job insecurity. Overall, this shows that it is their low income rather than their feelings of insecurity about future employment that explains why temporary employees postpone family formation.

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The influence of employment modes on employee turnover and agri-business performance: a case for Hunyani farm in the Zvimba district, Zimbabwe

Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce ◽

10.19041/apstract/2019/3-4/2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (3-4) ◽

pp. 17-27

Author(s):

Kudakwashe Svotwa ◽

Ezekia Svotwa ◽

Thandiwe Rugube

Keyword(s):

Business Performance ◽

Turnover Intentions ◽

Job Insecurity ◽

Temporary Employment ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Secondary Source ◽

Temporary Workers ◽

Farm Business ◽

Permanent Workers ◽

Employment Mode

The labour intensive nature of Zimbabwean agriculture demands that farmers meet excessive labour requirements, at the same time keeping labour costs as low as possible to guarantee profits and achieve maximum business performance. This study, carried through a questionnaire survey, at the Hunyani Matura Farm, in the Zvimba district of Zimbabwe between from October 2017 to March 2018, investigated the effect of employment mode on turnover and agri-business performance. Data collected from the participants, was compared with the information from secondary source documents. From the results temporary workers performed better than permanent workers and they cited problems of low wages, poor working conditions, high work targets, inequality in work allocation, job insecurity and constant shuffling. Temporary workers had higher turnover and turnover intentions than permanent workers. Temporary employment mode had a positiveeffect on agri-business performance. This study recommends the use of permanent employment mode on key positions like forepersons, stores persons and supervisors, and temporary employment mode on general farm tasks, while seasonal contracts were seen good for skill demanding operations such as tobacco seedbed establishment, tobacco reaping and curing and grading. A ccareful selection of employment modes reduces inequalities and unhealthy attitudes at work and improves on farm business performance. JEL Classification: Q12

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Temporary employment contracts and employee well-being during and after the financial crisis: Introduction to the special issue

Economic and Industrial Democracy ◽

10.1177/0143831x18804706 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 165-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David E Guest ◽

Kerstin Isaksson

Keyword(s):

Financial Crisis ◽

Job Insecurity ◽

Well Being ◽

Temporary Employment ◽

Temporary Workers ◽

Special Issue ◽

Employment Contracts ◽

Introductory Article ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Permanent Workers

Temporary employment has become a feature of the contemporary labour market, although its extent varies considerably across European countries. It is widely assumed that the experience of temporary work is likely to lower worker well-being. However, a major European study in 2005 found that temporary workers reported higher well-being than permanent workers. Since then, the financial crisis of 2008 and the resulting shedding of labour seems likely to have had a damaging effect on the well-being of temporary workers. The introductory article outlines these issues and introduces the subsequent articles in this special issue which explore the well-being and employment security of temporary workers in the aftermath of the financial crisis. In drawing them together, it is noted that temporary workers appear to have fared no worse than permanent workers. Indeed, job insecurity seems to have spread to permanent workers, particularly in the Mediterranean countries, creating a renewed emphasis on the role of employability.

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Student Loans, College Attendance and Completion, and Family Formation

10.31235/osf.io/rjcdw ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arielle Kuperberg ◽

Joan Maya Mazelis

Keyword(s):

Student Loans ◽

Family Formation ◽

College Attendance ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

Selection Effects ◽

First Birth ◽

Marriage Rates ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

Birth Data ◽

The Life Course

Student loans are increasingly common among young adults, but implications for family formation patterns and childbearing circumstances have not been fully explored. We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort dataset to examine the relationships of student loans and college attendance and completion to family formation patterns, specifically marriage, parenthood, age at marriage, and age and marital status at first birth. Data examined were collected between 1997 and 2015, and we examine respondents ranging in age from 17-35 during those years, allowing for the consideration of effects across the life course. We find women who had children at early ages were more likely to take out loans to attend college, but at older ages loans were associated with lower parenthood rates among women. Women with loans had marginally lower marriage rates at older ages, were significantly younger on average when they did have children, and were significantly less likely to be married at first birth, even after accounting for differences in age at first birth and selection effects. Loans were not associated with differences in these trends among men, but education was related to distinct family formation trajectories for both men and women.

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Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

Urban Development Issues ◽

10.2478/udi-2019-0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 5-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Loretta Lees

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Policy Making ◽

Large Scale ◽

Urban Redevelopment ◽

Urban Transformation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Income Groups ◽

Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

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Evaluation of a Low-Cost Commercial Actigraph and Its Potential Use in Detecting Cultural Variations in Physical Activity and Sleep

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21113774 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 3774

Author(s):

Pavlos Topalidis ◽

Cristina Florea ◽

Esther-Sevil Eigl ◽

Anton Kurapov ◽

Carlos Alberto Beltran Leon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Low Income ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Time Data ◽

Cultural Variations ◽

Step Counts ◽

Scale Step ◽

Potential Use

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a low-cost commercial smartwatch, the Xiaomi Mi Band (MB), in extracting physical activity and sleep-related measures and show its potential use in addressing questions that require large-scale real-time data and/or intercultural data including low-income countries. We evaluated physical activity and sleep-related measures and discussed the potential application of such devices for large-scale step and sleep data acquisition. To that end, we conducted two separate studies. In Study 1, we evaluated the performance of MB by comparing it to the GT3X (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT), a scientific actigraph used in research, as well as subjective sleep reports. In Study 2, we distributed the MB across four countries (Austria, Germany, Cuba, and Ukraine) and investigated physical activity and sleep among these countries. The results of Study 1 indicated that MB step counts correlated highly with the scientific GT3X device, but did display biases. In addition, the MB-derived wake-up and total-sleep-times showed high agreement with subjective reports, but partly deviated from GT3X predictions. Study 2 revealed similar MB step counts across countries, but significant later wake-up and bedtimes for Ukraine than the other countries. We hope that our studies will stimulate future large-scale sensor-based physical activity and sleep research studies, including various cultures.

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Correlates of Transitions in Food Insecurity Status during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Ethnically Diverse Households in Central Texas

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2597

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Janda ◽

Nalini Ranjit ◽

Deborah Salvo ◽

Aida Nielsen ◽

Pablo Lemoine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Food Availability ◽

Low Income ◽

Food Access ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Related Factors ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Early Stages ◽

Central Texas ◽

June July

Food insecurity increased substantially in the USA during the early stages of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to identify potential sociodemographic and food access-related factors that were associated with continuing or transitioning into food insecurity in a diverse population. An electronic survey was completed by 367 households living in low-income communities in Central Texas during June–July 2020. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed to examine the associations among food insecurity transitions during COVID-19 and various sociodemographic and food access-related factors, including race/ethnicity, children in the household, loss of employment/wages, language, and issues with food availability, accessibility, affordability, and stability during the pandemic. Sociodemographic and food access-related factors associated with staying or becoming newly food insecure were similar but not identical. Having children in the household, changes in employment/wages, changing shopping location due to food availability, accessibility and/or affordability issues, issues with food availability, and stability of food supply were associated with becoming newly food insecure and staying food insecure during the pandemic. Identifying as Latino and/or Black was associated with staying food insecure during COVID-19. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic did not create new food insecurity disparities. Rather, the pandemic exacerbated pre-existing disparities.

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Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Pork Industry Policy: A PMC Index Model Approach

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11020086 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 86

Author(s):

Youzhu Li ◽

Rui He ◽

Jinsi Liu ◽

Chongguang Li ◽

Jason Xiong

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Large Scale ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Central Government ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Control Policy ◽

Price Control ◽

Price Regulation ◽

Index Model

To ease the fluctuation of hog prices and maintain the hog market’s stability, the central government of China has issued a series of hog price control policies. This paper, supplemented by co-word analysis and LDA thematic modeling, constructed 9 first-level indicators and 36 s-level indicators and used a PMC index model to conduct quantitative research on the selected 74 policies and regulations of China’s pig price regulation policies from July 2007 to April 2020. The research concludes that the research tool system of China’s hog price control is formed. The overall design of the hog price control policy is relatively reasonable, but there are still the following problems: the subject of China’s pig price control policy is singular, so it is difficult to form a resultant force; the policy pays attention to the price regulation in the short term, but ignores the long-term industrial structure adjustment; it emphasizes market supervision, but insufficient support for slaughtering and processing; it focuses on production and management to improve the development quality and efficiency of the pig industry, but does not take social equity into account. Finally, some policy suggestions are put forward: multi-department division of labor and close cooperation; adjusting the industrial structure of hog and carrying out appropriate large-scale breeding; establishing the operation mode of slaughtering and processing in the producing area to reduce the circulation cost of the pig industry; ensuring the consumption of pork by low-income groups and giving consideration to social efficiency and equity.

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Expanding after School Program Access for Vulnerable Students: Examining the Efficacy of Federal Policy and Funding

Education and Urban Society ◽

10.1177/00131245211004550 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001312452110045

Author(s):

Susan K. Klumpner ◽

Michael E. Woolley

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

After School Programs ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

After School ◽

School Program ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

School Programs ◽

After School Program ◽

Low Income Families

After school programs provide low income students and students of color with learning opportunities across both academic and non-academic domains that such students would otherwise not get. In this study, we examined the intersection of school characteristics (e.g., enrollment size, percent minority enrolled, and percent eligible for FARM) and the types of after school programming schools offered (e.g., fee-based, 21st CCLC, and other types) using binary logistic regression models. I n a sample of schools ( n = 1,601) surveyed by the National Center on Education Statistics 2008 FRSS, we found that under-resourced schools had lower odds of having a 21st CCLC program and higher odds of having a fee-based after school program (than schools with a lower percentage of students receiving FARM). That is counter to the stated goals of the 21st CCLC program. These findings highlight the need for a re-prioritization of 21st CCLC funding such that financial assistance provided to schools to support after school programs is allocated to schools serving students from low income families and communities.

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45 Application of Machine Learning Models to Thermal Burn Patient Outcome Predictions in the Aftermath of a Nuclear Event

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab032.049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S33-S34

Author(s):

Morgan A Taylor ◽

Randy D Kearns ◽

Jeffrey E Carter ◽

Mark H Ebell ◽

Curt A Harris

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Regression Models ◽

Large Scale ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Thermal Burn ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Burn Patient

Abstract Introduction A nuclear disaster would generate an unprecedented volume of thermal burn patients from the explosion and subsequent mass fires (Figure 1). Prediction models characterizing outcomes for these patients may better equip healthcare providers and other responders to manage large scale nuclear events. Logistic regression models have traditionally been employed to develop prediction scores for mortality of all burn patients. However, other healthcare disciplines have increasingly transitioned to machine learning (ML) models, which are automatically generated and continually improved, potentially increasing predictive accuracy. Preliminary research suggests ML models can predict burn patient mortality more accurately than commonly used prediction scores. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of various ML methods in assessing thermal burn patient mortality and length of stay in burn centers. Methods This retrospective study identified patients with fire/flame burn etiologies in the National Burn Repository between the years 2009 – 2018. Patients were randomly partitioned into a 67%/33% split for training and validation. A random forest model (RF) and an artificial neural network (ANN) were then constructed for each outcome, mortality and length of stay. These models were then compared to logistic regression models and previously developed prediction tools with similar outcomes using a combination of classification and regression metrics. Results During the study period, 82,404 burn patients with a thermal etiology were identified in the analysis. The ANN models will likely tend to overfit the data, which can be resolved by ending the model training early or adding additional regularization parameters. Further exploration of the advantages and limitations of these models is forthcoming as metric analyses become available. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept study, we anticipate that at least one ML model will predict the targeted outcomes of thermal burn patient mortality and length of stay as judged by the fidelity with which it matches the logistic regression analysis. These advancements can then help disaster preparedness programs consider resource limitations during catastrophic incidents resulting in burn injuries.

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New Trends in Interaction of Developed and Developing Countries in Innovation Sphere

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2012-12-3-14 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 3-14

Author(s):

A. Eroshkin ◽

M. Petrov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

International Relations ◽

Low Income ◽

Large Scale ◽

Research Capacity ◽

Transnational Corporations ◽

Income Groups ◽

Global Innovation ◽

Low Income Groups ◽

Adaptive Nature

The economic and innovative rise of the developing states stimulated a deep restructuring of the existing system of international relations in science and technology sphere. As the article points, one of the main manifestations of this trend can be seen in the transformation of global innovation strategies of transnational corporations. The world’s largest TNCs, mostly based in the industrial nations, have begun to transfer growing segments and parts of their R&D programs to the developing countries in order to take advantage of their increased research capacity. As a result, the nature of the projects being implemented there by the TNCs is changing. Historically, the TNCs’ local R&D activities were of adaptive nature. Namely, the stress was made on modification of the products and services offered by the TNCS globally to the specifics of local markets. Currently, a growing number of transnational corporations are implementing the large-scale programs in the developing countries aimed at designing new types of products, including those targeted at the low-income groups of consumers that make up the bulk of the population in developing countries.

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