scholarly journals Student Loans, College Attendance and Completion, and Family Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arielle Kuperberg ◽  
Joan Maya Mazelis
Keyword(s):  
Student Loans ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Birth Data ◽  
The Life Course

Student loans are increasingly common among young adults, but implications for family formation patterns and childbearing circumstances have not been fully explored. We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort dataset to examine the relationships of student loans and college attendance and completion to family formation patterns, specifically marriage, parenthood, age at marriage, and age and marital status at first birth. Data examined were collected between 1997 and 2015, and we examine respondents ranging in age from 17-35 during those years, allowing for the consideration of effects across the life course. We find women who had children at early ages were more likely to take out loans to attend college, but at older ages loans were associated with lower parenthood rates among women. Women with loans had marginally lower marriage rates at older ages, were significantly younger on average when they did have children, and were significantly less likely to be married at first birth, even after accounting for differences in age at first birth and selection effects. Loans were not associated with differences in these trends among men, but education was related to distinct family formation trajectories for both men and women.

Selected determinants of fertility in vietnam: age at marriage, marriage to first birth interval and age at first birth

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Luc ◽  
Nguyen Minh Thang ◽  
Ingrid Swenson ◽  
Pham Bich San
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
The South ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
The North

SummaryData from the 4172 women aged 15–49 interviewed in the 1988 Vietnamese Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine age at marriage, marriage to first birth intervals and age at first birth. Differences between urban and rural areas, northern and southern provinces and by education of the women were analysed.The majority of the women had their first birth before age 20, but women with secondary education had a significantly higher age at first birth than those with little or no education, and women from the north had a significantly higher age at first birth than women from the south. Rural women and those with little or no education married at significantly younger ages than urban women and those with secondary education; these education effects were confirmed in a rural subsample of women. Women from rural areas and from the north had significantly shorter marriage to first birth intervals than urban women and those from the south, but there were no significant effects related to education.

scholarly journals Temporary Employment and Family Formation: An Income or Insecurity Effect?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniël C van Wijk ◽  
Helga A G de Valk ◽  
Aart C Liefbroer
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Marriage Rates

Abstract Recent studies show that temporary workers postpone family formation transitions, but it remains unclear whether this effect is due to the lower income or the stronger perceptions of job insecurity that go with a temporary contract. To address this question, we link data from a large-scale survey among Dutch employees to longitudinal population register data on marriage and first births. Logistic regression models estimate the effects of temporary employment on marriage and first birth, and mediation analyses assess to what extent these effects are explained by income and perceptions of job insecurity. Results show that temporarily employed women delay first birth. There is also some evidence that temporarily employed men postpone marriage and first birth. These effects are partly explained by income, which increases marriage and first birth rates among men and women alike. Perceptions of job insecurity generally had little effect on family formation, although higher marriage rates were found among women who experienced affective job insecurity. Overall, this shows that it is their low income rather than their feelings of insecurity about future employment that explains why temporary employees postpone family formation.

scholarly journals Age at First Birth in Uttar Pradesh: How Much Has It Actually Changed? Over Inter-NFHS Period?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Ajay Pandey ◽  
Richa Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Survivor Function ◽  
Age At Marriage

Culturally, there is always pressure among newly-wed to conceive early and have births in India. Previous studies have documented relationship between age at first birth & fertility, besides the socio-demographic factors that influence age at first birth. The current study aims answering directions and quantum of such relationships using frailty models. The successive rounds of NFHS data (1, 2, 3 & 4) from Uttar Pradesh is used in the study. Fertility in India is characterized as too-early-too-fast. By age-30 majority women would have completed the childbearing. However, the data from NFHS-4 shows some striking changes in the initiation of child bearing in Uttar Pradesh breaking away from the stereotypes of too early too fast characterization. While 44.67 percent of the women aged 30-34 had experienced first birth by age 18 in the year 1992-93 (NFHS-1), the percentages declined during 2015-16 (NFHS-4) to 28.25%. However, by ages 26 majority of women (>95%) aged 30-34 have had experienced first birth. Births at younger age are also a reflection on enforcement of child-marriage restraint act & adherence to legal minimum age at marriage which is 18 for girls & 21 for boys. The data from NFHS-4 have some quality issues. Women aged as low as 5 have shown to have experienced first birth by that age. This may not be possible. The Kaplan Meier survival Graph provided the survival probabilities with respect of each predictor sub groups. The log rank test was used to test the equality of survivor function for each sub group of the predictor variable. The survivor function was significantly different among sub groups of the predictor variables except for the categories of ever use of contraception at NFHS1 and categories of religion across rounds of NFHS data. The Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to study the risk of first birth by socio demographic characteristics. The Frailty model capturing the unobserved heterogeneity in the event time was preferred over standard survival model. For the current study, gamma frailty with Weibull-hazard is used as it fits the data well. Age at marriage and women’s literacy significantly determines the Age at First Birth. The inverse relationship with regard to ever use of contraception needs further analysis. The model also predicts significant frailty with variance parameter (theta) greater than one across the NFHS datasets.

scholarly journals Fertility Postponement and Regional Patterns of Dispersion in Age at First Birth: Descriptive Findings and Interpretations

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathías Nathan ◽  
Ignacio Pardo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Postponement

Previous studies have documented an increasing heterogeneity in first-birth timing in countries experiencing the postponement transition. Sobotka (2004), for instance, showed a rising dispersion in age at first birth in developed countries, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States, where the timing polarisation between more and less advantaged women is most evident. However, these studies have included few countries outside Europe and North America, and lack a thorough interpretation of the rising dispersion in first births. Our aim is to compare the evolution of dispersion in age at first birth in countries in Europe, East Asia, North America and South America. Using data from the Human Fertility Database and the Human Fertility Collection, we describe the evolution of the period mean age at first birth and its variance for 21 countries since 1970. In line with previous studies, our results show a widespread pattern of increasing heterogeneity in age at first birth after the onset of the postponement transition, although with marked differences among regions and countries. The greatest heterogeneity can be found in countries where timing of family formation varies greatly among women with different socioeconomic status. Chile and Uruguay, in particular, exhibit the highest heterogeneity even though they are at the beginning of the postponement transition. There is no general explanation of why dispersion increased as the mean age at first birth rose. Further studies in this area should investigate causes and interpretations of this trend, and develop measures for studying heterogeneity in fertility timing.

Marital Fertility and the Family in Poland from the Late Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Liczbińska ◽  
Ewa Syska ◽  
Renata Koziarska-Kasperczyk ◽  
Anna Kledzik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Research in the obscure domicile files of Poznań’s Municipal Records reveals that in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Poznań, fertility was determined by the interaction of many socioeconomic factors. Mothers’ birth cohort and husbands’ socioeconomic status proved to be the strongest factors significantly influencing women’s age at matrimony, their age at first birth, and their number of children. Women born before 1890 married and started giving birth to the first child later than those born after 1890. The wives of workers and craftsmen started reproduction earlier and had more children than those of white-collar professionals. Religion did not influence women’s age at marriage and age at first birth, but it did influence their number of children.

Ideal Age at First Birth and Associated Factors Among Young Adults in Greater New York City: Findings From the Social Position and Family Formation Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-311
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Melnikas ◽  
Diana Romero
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
York City ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
The Ideal

Despite increases at age at first birth in the United States, we have little research on how individuals conceptualize the ideal age to have a child. Using qualitative interviews with male and female young adults in greater New York City, we examined individuals’ responses to questions about the ideal age at first birth. We find factors associated with an age being ideal tend to fall in four main domains: structural/social position factors, interpersonal factors, fertility and health-related factors, and aspirational factors. This research suggests that the ideal age is higher than the actual age at first birth, and both males and females consider a number of factors when choosing an ideal age, including education and career. We find that interpersonal and aspirational factors are also important considerations. Understanding ideal age at first birth is important for understanding family formation decision making in relation to age and may have important implications in other areas.

scholarly journals Demystifying the Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkuye Moyo ◽  
Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo ◽  
Xiaochun Qiao ◽  
Jilei Wu ◽  
Xiaoying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Completed Family Size

The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 ZDHS. We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the effect of mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confident intervals at 95% are reported. Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 – 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 – 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 – 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 0.262; 95% CI:0.126-0.547 and RRR: 0.176; 95% CI:0.068-0.497 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22. Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increased the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

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